Word Formations

Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(significant) It is a waste of time to listen to his  talk. 

Word Formation

Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(reason) The Industrial Revolution brought some relief to the city poor in the form of  well-built rows of small houses for laborers, especially in England.

SPEED READING 

Skim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer.

     In the 1950s, a collection of definitions of culture by A. L. Kroeber produced 164 different ones that had appeared in writings since 1700. The first definition was proposed by Edward Taylor. He said that “culture, or civilization is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. The phrase “that complex whole” is the most longstanding feature of this proposition. Note that two other features of Taylor’s definition have not stood the test of time. First, most scholars now avoid the use of man to refer to all humans and instead use words such as “humans” and “people.” While you may argue that the word “man” can be used to refer to all human beings, many studies indicate that this usage can be confusing. Second, most scholars no longer equate culture with civilization. The term civilization implies a sense of “highness” versus non-civilized “lowness” and sets up a distinction placing “us”（civilized nations of Europe and North America) in a superior position to ‘"them”— the other societies. 

     In contemporary theories of culture, there are two important definitions. Clifford Geertz believes that culture consists of symbols, motivations, moods, and thoughts. This definition focuses on people's perceptions, thoughts, and ideas, and does not include behavior as a part of culture. Cultural materialist Marvin Harris states that a culture is the total socially acquired life-way or life-style of a group of people. It consists of the patterned repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are characteristic of the members of a particular society or segment of society. The definition of culture used in this book follows Harris’s more comprehensive approach.  

CAREFUL READING
Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and choose the corresponding letter.

     What do you know about the sea? We know that it looks very pretty when the sun is shining on it. We also know that it can be very rough when there is a strong wind. What other things do we know about it?
     The first thing to remember is that the sea is very big. When you look at the map of the world you will find there is more water than land. The sea covers three quarters of the world. 
     The sea is also very deep in some places. It is not deep everywhere. Some parts of the sea are very shallow. But in some places the depth of the sea is very great. There’s one spot, near Japan, where the sea is nearly 11 kilometers deep! The highest mountain in the world is about 9 kilometers high. If that mountain were put into the sea at mat place, there would be 2 kilometers of water above it! What a deep place!
     If you have swum in the sea, you know that it is salty. You can taste the salt. Rivers, which flow into the sea, carry salt from the land into the sea. Some parts of the sea are more salty than other parts. There is one sea, called the Dead Sea, which is very salty. It’s so salty that swimmers cannot sink! Fish cannot live in the Dead Sea!
     In most parts of the sea, there are plenty of fishes and plants. Some live near the top of the sea. Others live deep down. There are also millions of tiny living things that float in the sea. These floating things are so small that it is hard to see them. Many fish live by eating these.
     The sea can be very cold. Divers, who go deep down in the sea, know this, on the top the water may be warm. When the diver goes downwards, the sea becomes colder and colder, another thing happens. When the diver goes deeper, the water above presses down on him. It squeezes him. Then the diver has to wear clothes made of metal. But he cannot go very deep. Some people who wanted to go very deep used very strong diving ship! They went down to the deepest part of the sea in it. They went down to a depth of eleven kilometers!

CAREFUL READING
Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and choose the corresponding letter.

     A guest at the Holiday Inn on Union Square in San Francisco is attempting to turn on the radio in his room. Not matter which button he pushes, the radio will not play. Finally, the guest reports a defective (有毛病的) radio. A hotel employee soon arrives at the guest’s room with a new radio, a box of chocolates, and flowers. As for the radio already in the room, the employee turns it on without difficulty and quickly reassures the guest that the radio is tricky to operate. The employee shows the guest how to work the radio and pleasantly exits the room, leaving the radios, the chocolates and the flowers.
     An elderly woman is in her favorite food store, Ukrop’s Super Market of Richmond, Virginia. She picks up a large pineapple from the display case, holds it for several moments, and then returns it with obvious reluctance. Ukrop’s president, James Ukrop, witnesses this scene and asks the customer if she would like to buy half of the pineapple, indicating that the store would be glad to cut it in half. The customer accepts and states how she looks forward to visiting Ukrop’s because the staff is so friendly and makes her feel so welcome.
     Night after night, in Aurora, Colorado, police officers answer calls for break-ins of cars parked outside a local dance hall. One officer notes that the burglaries usually involve purses of female customers who say they lock their handbags in their cars, fearing the bags would be stolen from unattended tables during dances. The officer then persuades the dance hall owner to install lockers and the burglary calls drop from dozens each month to two in four months.
     These three stories emphasize our central argument, that is, the essence of services marketing is service. Service quality is the foundation of services marketing, for the core product being marketed is a performance. The performance is the product; the performance is what customers buy. A strong service concept gives companies the opportunity to compete for customers; a strong performance of the service concept builds competitiveness by earning customers’ confidence and reinforcing branding, advertising, selling, and pricing.

CAREFUL READING
Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter.

     ​When the American Association of University Professors（AAUP）was organized in 1915, its founders proclaimed an ideal of academic freedom as essential to the definition of a university. At first some academic administrators resisted aspects of the due process in hiring and firing that the AAUP insisted; but within the next two decades academic freedom, more or less as the AAUP had defined it, was widely accepted. By 1940 when an important restatement of the AAUP principles was widely adopted, the ideal had become a standard assumption in American academic thought. Certainly by the end of the era of the early 1950s academic freedom had attained sacred status among professors and was spoken of as though it were an ancient absolute associated with universities since the ancient time. 

     The direct inspiration for the modern American conception of academic freedom came, however from Germany, or at least from the romanticized（理想化的）impressions of Germany that the many thousands of American academics who studied there brought back with them. Particularly important for the American organizers of the academic profession after 1890 was the German Lehrfreiheit（教学自由）, referring to freedom for university professors.
     In Germany this freedom included, first, the rights for professors to teach whatever they chose with a minimum of administrative regulations and, second, the freedom to conduct one's research and to report one's findings in lectures and publications without external restraint. The Americans typically understood Lehrfreiheit as the modern ideal that truth is progressive and that for science to advance it must be freed from tradition and assumption. In 19th century Germany this outlook was associated with the term Wissenschaft（科学）, which meant more than just the English word "science，" suggesting an ideal scientific research for truth. German Protestant universities only gradually won full approval of such autonomy, including freedom from occasional Christian church interference.
     Nonetheless, they were always far in advance of American schools and by the time of the establishment of the German Empire Lehrfreiheir had become a legal practice protected by law. It controlled the universities and protected them from direct interference of other interests. In a society far more conscious of status than the United States,  Lehrfreiheit did not suggest any general commitment to freedom for all citizens. Once the wider applications of modern Lehrfreiheit were accepted, they were proclaimed as essential to any institution calling itself a "university."

CAREFUL READING 

Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.

     Substantial research suggests that, given the existing health tendency and health condition of an individual at a particular time, the probability of better or worse future health of spouses is affected by a variety of social factors that are subject to influence of his or her spouse. 

     There are many ways in which spouses can influence each other's probability of good health. Spouses can promote each other’s health by alleviating psychological stress. A substantial literature provides strong evidence that psychological stress causes illness, increases mortality risk, and is an important mechanism that links socio-economic characteristics to health and mortality. Stress-reducing mechanisms include removal of sources of stress, and management of stress through confidential conversation, psychiatric treatment (精神治疗), physical exercise, recreation and other means. A spouse can provide or encourage all of these stress-reducing behaviors. 

     Spouses can also promote each other’s health by providing supportive social contacts, and they can facilitate or inhibit each other's social contact with supportive others. Evidence suggests that health is greatly advanced by supportive social contacts, including positive interaction with relatives, friends, co-workers and acquaintances. Recent data show that persons with more diverse social networks are more resistant to diseases than those with less diverse social networks. 

     Spouses can also promote each other’s health by providing each other with money income, and they can help each other manage it effectively. Money does not buy health directly, but it can be used to purchase goods and services that make good health possible. These goods and services include nutritious food, a hygienic (卫生的）and safe environment, medical care, and facilities that reduce psychological stress. Unless estranged（分居的）or unusually wealthy, spouses share their financial resources and consume these health-promoting goods and services.

CAREFUL READING
Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and choose the corresponding letter.

     Unfortunately, most of the science fiction films of the 1970s were not much influenced by 2001:A Space Odyssey. Skillfully directed by Stanley Kubrick, 2001, which appeared in 1968, set new standards for science fiction films. During the next decade, every one of the dozens of science fiction movies released was compared to 2001, and all but a few were found sadly lacking.
     Admittedly, Kubrick had one of the largest budgets ever for a film of this kind, but, in my opinion, much of the movie’s power and appeal was achieved through relatively inexpensive means. For example, the musical score, which was adapted in large part from well-known classical compositions, was reinforced by the use of almost kaleidoscopic visual effects, especially during the space travel sequences. Spectacular camera work was edited to correspond precisely to the ebb and flow of the music.
     After 2001, the dominant theme of science fiction films shifted from the adventures of space travel to the problems created on earth by man’s mismanagement of the natural environment and the abuse of technology by a totalitarian state. Overpopulation and the accompanying shortages of food prompt the state to impose extraordinary controls on its citizens. No fewer than twenty-nine films were made around this theme in the years between 1970 and 1977, including Survivors and Chronicles.
     In the opinion of this reviewer, until Star Wars was released in 1977, science fiction films were reduced to shallow symbolism disguising to a greater or lesser degree a series of repetitive plots. But Star Wars was different. It offered us a return to imaginative voyages in space and confrontation with intelligent life on other planets. Unlike the other science fiction films of the decade, Star Wars presented technology as having solved rather than aggravated ecological problems. The special effects created to simulate space vehicles hurtling through the blackness of the universe were reminiscent of the artistic standards set by 2001.

CAREFUL READING
Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and choose the corresponding letter.

     Evidence that pesticides have long-term deadly effects on human beings has started to accumulate, and recently Robert Finch, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, expressed his extreme worries about the pesticide situation. Simultaneously the petrochemical industry continues its unconscious poison-selling. For instance, Shell Chemical has been carrying on a high-pressure campaign to sell the insecticide Azodrin to farmers as a killer of cotton pests. They continue their programme even though they know that Azodrin is not only ineffective, but often increases the pest density. They’ve covered themselves nicely in an advertisement which states “Even if an overpowering migration develops, the flexibility of Azodrin lets you regain control fast. Just increase the dosage according to label recommendations.” It’s a great game-get people to apply the poison and kill the natural enemies of the insects. Then blame the increased insects on “migration” and sell even more pesticide!
     Right now fisheries are being wiped out by over-exploitation, made easy by modern electronic equipment. The companies producing the equipment know this. They even boast in advertising that only their equipment will keep fishermen in business until the final kill. Profits must obviously be maximized in the short run. Indeed, Western society is in the process of completing the destruction of the planet for economic gain: And, sadly, most of the rest of the world is eager for the opportunity to imitate our behavior. But the underdeveloped peoples will be denied that opportunity一the days of robbing the planet of its resources are drawing surely to a close.
     Most of the people who are going to die in the greatest disaster in the history of man have already been born. Both worldwide disaster and thermonuclear war are made more probable as population growth continues. These, along with famine, make up the trio of potential “death rate solutions” the population problem—solutions in which the birth rate-death rate imbalance is redressed by a rise in the death rate rather than by a lowering of the birth rate. Make no mistake about it, the imbalance will be set right. The shape of the population—growth curve is one familiar to the biologist. It is the outbreak part of an outbreak—crash sequence. A population grows rapidly in the presence of abundant resources, finally runs out of food or some other necessity, and crashes to alarm level or dies out. Man is not only running out of food, he is also destroying the life support systems of the spaceship Earth.

CAREFUL READING
Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and choose the corresponding letter.

     On a January day in 1975, Ken and Catalina Brugger wandered through an ancient forest in Mexico on a high mountain slope eighty miles west of Mexico City. The air was damp and cool. The sky was cloudy, so little light reached through the trees. As the Bruggers walked along, they realized they were hearing a quiet, constant noise. It was like rain falling on the fir tress. But there was no rain. They looked around for the source of the sound. Suddenly, sunlight broke through the clouds and lit up the forest. The Bruggers gasped in delight. All around them, the trees shimmered with the beating of brilliant orange and black wings. The Bruggers were surrounded by millions of monarch butterflies, resting in their winter home.
     The Brugger’s discovery was important in the world of butterfly study. Butterfly lovers knew that, late every summer, monarchs migrate from Canada into Mexico. More than 300 million of the fragile creatures make the 2,500-mile flight. But no one knew what became of the butterflies once they reached Mexico. Within the next few years, twelve more monarch roosts were discovered. They were all along the same mountain range where the Bruggers had made their find. Now the mystery was solved.
     The monarch’s stay in Mexico is just one part of an amazing life cycle. Every spring, in Mexico, female monarchs lay enormous numbers of eggs. One female may lay more than four hundred a month. She attaches her eggs to milkweed plants. The milkweed provides a perfect first home for the young monarchs. Because milkweed is poisonous to most creatures, birds and other butterfly enemies avoid it. But monarchs love milkweed. The eggs hatch in three to twelve days, and out come worm-like larve（幼虫）which feed on the milkplant. The poison does not hurt them. But it does have an important effect. It makes the monarch as poisonous the plant was. A bird that eats a monarch will become very sick—and never eat another one.
     After living for two weeks as larvae, the monarchs attach themselves to leaves. Then they spin cocoons(茧). After a week, the cocoons open and the butterflies emerge, soon to begin their 2,500-mile flight northwards. Many of them die as they pass through such southern states as Texas and Louisiana. But first they lay more eggs. After a few weeks, a new generation of monarchs is ready to continue the journey. They—or their children or grandchildren—will reach Canada, where they spend the summer.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(private) In the U.S., where there are millions and millions ofowned automobiles, it is not easy to go downtown in the rush hour.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(fashion) My mother disliked my new hat, though it was the latest style worn bywomen in Paris.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(rich) The professor emphasized that the goal of the course is toour understanding of other cultures.

TRANSLATION 

The following excerpt is taken from the textbook. Read the paragraph carefully and translate into Chinese each of the numbered and underlined parts. 

          A common argument against cars is that they pollute the environment and thus, are undesirable. （1） While this is true, the automobile must be removed from urban planning not only due to pollution but also because of its unsustainable nature. Cars—and the type of city that is planned around them—use considerable resources and space that will not be available in the future. Oil reserves are dwindling and will disappear within the next century. (2) Although it is possible for alternative fuel sources to be developed, these will nonetheless require considerable energy use. Furthermore, many resources are consumed in the production of cars. (3) In a world with a constantly increasing population, the manufacture of new cars is not something that can be sustained and provided to all the people of the world. (4) Not only does the production and operation of cars drain society, but the attitude associated with the automobile endangers the future. (5) It is not advantageous for individuals to drive everywhere because, as the population increases, it will lead to incredible congestion within urban areas. It is certainly a drain on both time and resources, which can be avoided with proper planning for the future. (From Communities for Future Generations in the US) 

TRANSLATION
The following excerpt is taken from the textbook. Read the paragraph carefully and translate into Chinese each of the numbered and underlined parts.
     Learning together is a fruitful source of relationship between children and parents. (1) By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. (2) Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this cooperation. Building block toys and jigsaw puzzles and crosswords are good examples.
     Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness and indulgence towards their children. (3) Some may be especially strict in money matters; others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.
     (4) As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. (5) To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality. Also, parents should realize that "example is better than precept". If they are hypocritical and do not practise what they preach, their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent deceived. A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents' ethics and their morals can be a dangerous disillusion.

TRANSLATION

The following excerpt is taken from the textbook. Read the paragraph carefully and translate into Chinese each of the numbered and underlined parts. 

     To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind arc prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error. (1) If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. (2) Thinking that you know when in fact you don't is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them. 

     Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. (3) If, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. (4) If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If some one maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion. (5) So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants. (from How to Avoid the Foolish Opinions) 

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(child) Much of my earlywas spent with my aunt in the countryside.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

 (ignore) I didn’t like to ask him to explain more clearly, for I didn’t want to appear.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(honest) Judy answered all the interviewers’ questions withand courage.

TRANSLATION
The following is taken from the textbook. Read carefully and translate underlined sentence into Chinese.

     There is a legend of an artist who long sought for a piece of sandalwood, out of which to carve a Madonna. He was about to give up in despair, leaving the vision of his life unrealized, when in a dream he was bidden to carve his Madonna from a block of oak wood which was destined for the fire. He obeyed, and produced a masterpiece from a log of common firewood. Many of us lose great opportunities in life by waiting to find sandalwood for our carvings, when they really lie hidden in the common logs that we bum.  One man goes through life without seeing chances for doing anything great, while another close beside him snatches from the same circumstances and privileges opportunities for achieving grand results.
     Opportunities? They are everywhere. "America is another name for opportunities. Our whole history appears like a last effort of divine providence on behalf of the human race." Never before were there such grand openings, such chances, such opportunities. Especially is this true for girls and young women. A new era is dawning for them. Hundreds of occupations and professions, which were closed to them only a few years ago, are now inviting them to enter.
     We cannot all of us perhaps make great discoveries like Newton, Faraday, Edison, and Thompson, or paint immortal pictures like an Angelo or a Raphael. But we can all of us make our lives sublime, by seizing common occasions and making them great. What chance had the young girl, Grace Darling, to distinguish herself, living on those barren lighthouse rocks alone with her aged parents? But while her brothers and sisters, who moved to the cities to win wealth and fame, are not known to the world, she became more famous than a princess. This poor girl did not need to go to London to see the nobility; they came to the lighthouse to see her. Right at home she had won fame which the regal heirs might envy, and a name which will never perish from the earth. She did not wander away into dreamy distance for fame and fortune, but did her best where duty had placed her.