①Want to keep your mind healthy throughout your life? an instrument. A new study found that musicians  brains that function better than their peers well into old age.
②Researchers  the mental abilities of senior citizens and discovered that musicians performed better at a number of skills. In ，they excelled at visual memory tasks. musicians had similar verbal capabilities to non-musicians, their ability to memorize new words was better, too. Perhaps most importantly, the musicians' IQ  were higher overall than those who spent their lives listening to music performing it.
③The experience of musicians also played a role in how their minds were. The younger they began to play their instruments, the better their minds performed at the mental tasks. , the total number of years they played instruments throughout their life  how strong their brains remained years later. A preliminary study of 70 older participants, with different musical experience over their lifetimes, provides a connection  musical activity and mental balance in old age. The results revealed  participants with at least 10 years of musical experience had better performance in nonverbal memory, naming, and executive processes in advanced age   non-musicians.
④The study also found that musicians who  in their spare time had even higher-functioning brain capabilities. This finding supports recent study that reported people who walk regularly maintain healthier brains. With that in mind, perhaps joining a marching band will make you the smartest person at the retirement home in the future.

Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer.
①The pollution level of the earth is increasing day by day. The governments of many countries around the world are spreading this to encourage their citizens to control pollution and take environmentally friendly measures to lessen the  already caused. It is true that even gestures of going green are making a huge difference.
②Green cleaning is one such eco-friendly way of showing that one really  the future of the earth. Most of the bottled cleaning powders and solutions used in our daily lives contain harmful chemicals. A number of them  dangerous organic compounds which are unsafe for both human beings and the natural . But green cleaning promotes the use of only those cleaning ingredients that are safe for the environment.
③This technique of cleaning is gaining popularity fast as it is absolutely harmless for human health and also does not upset the of the environment. It can also show the way industrial and domestic cleaning products are produced, packaged and   . If the cleaning products are manufactured in an eco-friendly and are packed into bio-degradable packages, they may be labeled  “green” products. 

④This concept of cleaning is not entirely new in many households. The older have been using it for ages. Materials like vinegar, baking soda, and lemons have been used by our great grandmothers and grandmothers  they were easily available and cheaper. These natural products are again being used but now for a different —a greener lifestyle.
⑤It is to know just how many chemical pollutants are used unknowingly in almost all homes every day. a little awareness may help to produce a sea of difference. By adopting the simple green cleaning practices in our daily lives, we can do our part for Mother Nature.

①From childhood to old age, we all use language as a means of broadening our knowledge of ourselves and the world about us. When humans first  , they were like newborn children, unable to use this tool. Yet once language developed, the possibilities for human kinds future and cultural growth increased.
②Many linguists (语言学家) believe that evolution isfor our ability to produce and use language. They  that our highly evolved brain provides us an innate language ability not found in lower  . Proponents (建议者) of this innateness theory say that ourfor language is inborn, but that language itself develops gradually,a function of the growth of the brain during childhood. Therefore there are critical biological times for language development.
③Currentof innateness theory are mixed, however, evidence supporting the existence of some innate abilities is undeniable. , more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taught ingrades. Young children often can learn several languages by beingto them, while adults have a much harder time learning another language once the rules of their first language have become firmly fixed.
④some aspects of language are undeniably innate, language does not develop automatically in a vacuum. Children who have beenfrom other human beings do not possess language. This demonstrates that interaction with other human beings is necessary for proper language development. Some linguists believe that this is even more basic to human language acquisition than any innate capacities. These theorists view language as imitative, learned behavior. In other words, children learn language from their parents by imitating them. Parents gradually shape their child’s language skills by positively reinforcing precise imitations and negatively reinforcing imprecise ones.

CLOZE

Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. 

     People build many different kinds of shelter throughout the world. The types of shelters they erect depend  on the climate and on what building materials are .

     In hot areas, the weather is warm enough for people to live  much of the time. But they still need protection  sun, rain, and insects. Houses there have many screened windows, doors, and other openings that let in breezes but keep out insect pests. In the cool regions, houses are  to keep out the cold and keep in heat. Many buildings have thick walls to  heat loss. In such snowy countries as Norway and Sweden, people build houses with sloping roofs  snow will slide off easily.

     Building methods and materials  widely throughout the world. In regions with large forests, many people use wood to build homes.  is easy to build with, but most wooden buildings are less sturdy than those made of stone or concrete.

     In areas with little , people construct many shelters of clay or mud. In Mexico and the southwestern United States, for example, people  clay and dirt or mud with water to make adobe (砖坯). In wet tropical areas,  causes wood shelters to rot within a few years. People in these areas build houses from other materials. For example, in some parts of Africa and on many Pacific islands, people weave the  of tall grass into houses.
     High-rise buildings made of steel and concrete are most common in such industrial countries as the United States and Canada. Prefabricated buildings  parts manufactured at a factory and then shipped to the construction . There construction workers assemble the parts. Many prefabricated shelters use large amounts of plastic and other lightweight materials.

Fill in of the blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.

①Shoe is a covering for the foot. Shoes have a  , and most shoes also have a heel. The upper part of most shoes extends no  than the ankle. Boots are footwear that reaches beyond the ankle. People wear shoes in order to  their feet from the environment, sharp objects, and uncomfortable surfaces. 

②Fashion often determines shoe styles. The desire to be  has led to unusual styles. Many European men of the 1300’s wore shoes with an extremely 

long toe. Sometimes the long toe had to be fastened to the knee with a chain so that the  would not trip. 

③Most shoes are made of leather. Other shoe materials include canvas, velvet, and such  substances as plastics. Materials and styles  somewhat, depending on climate, custom, and other  . For example, to keep their feet dry from the  ground, many farmers in the Netherlands wear heavy wooden shoes. 

④No one knows  people first began to wear shoes. The first foot coverings worn in cold regions were probably baglike wrappings made of animal fur. The first known footwear used in  surroundings consisted of sandals made of plant fibers or leather. The ancient Egyptians wore such sandals  3700 B.C., and the ancient Greeks and Romans also wore sandals. In China, people wore cloth shoes thousands of years ago. 

⑤Throughout  ， people have worn shoes not only for protection but also for decoration and to  social status. Shoe styles have gone  and out of fashion, just as they do today. For example, the fashion in women‘s shoes changed to rounded toes in the 1500’s, low heels by the late 1500’s, and high heels in the 1600’s.

Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.

        I was successful at my job. I worked very hard, but it afforded me and my family a fabulous（极好的）lifestyle. I'd worked for the same company for twenty years and had worked my way up to department director. , one afternoon last May, I was called to the office, and it was gently explained to me that they were letting me go. I just sat there  they talked on and all I could think was, "I've ." I'd been so well respected;  I was of no value.

        For six weeks, I was in a very  place. I wandered around my house like a zombie（僵尸）. I could see things needed doing, but would not do anything. My beliefs in looking forward and seeing the positive（积极的）in everything  me.

        Then, in late June, my youngest son's football team made the city cup final. The year before, he'd been very sad when I missed the same final, so he was  when I told him I'd go. Not only did they win, but the look on his face as he saw me  him on was unbelievable.  From then on, I spent the summer enjoying my sons and their passions（激情）. I attended match after match and performances of my elder son's band —— I  went to another city to watch him play. These moments were so . My life had been so much devoted to  for so long, and I felt  that my sons were happy to welcome me into their world.

        , being unemployed gave me back a sense of purpose —— I was someone's mum ! I felt a sense of being  again. Now I feel more positive about my professional future and I'm getting on better with my family than I ever have. Losing my job made me realize just how  it is to achieve real balance in life.

CLOZE

Fill in of the blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. 

        Toys are playing things. The of the word "toy" is uncertain. It may have come from Old English, meaning "tool". Modern dictionaries focus on smallness. Just as a toy terrier is a dog that has been bred down to a small size, so most toys are miniature copies of objects. Dolls are miniature copies of people, and many doll houses are like normal houses in nearly every respect their size. Most stuffed animals are small, a few are made life-size. There are toy trucks, trains, and furniture that bear  similarities to their standard counterparts. Smallness a child to handle and control the object easily. It can be a disadvantage in infant toys because babies to put everything into their mouths. Tiny objects can be easily, which is why even larger toys must be made with parts that do not come easily. The eyes, noses, and cars of teddy bears must be strong and firmly  so an infant cannot chew them loose. 

          Anyone who has ever shopped for toys in  a large department store or the stores devoted  to toys has noticed the almost infinite variety of choices. Amid all the variety, , there are two features that should not  unnoticed: the differences between toys for infants and those for older children. To a large degree the difference is that many infants' toys have remained nearlyfor centuries, while those for older children are the products of modern technology. The manufacture and selling of toys is a highly profitable industry.

Fill in of the blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. 

①In the distant past, the beginnings of the world and of society were explained in mythology. Mythology is the rich  of tales from different cultures about how the world was and why certain things happen. Today the word “myth” is often used to describe something that is made up. Myths tell of gods or other supreme beings, heroes and events that are—or werebelieved to be true. 

②Thousands of years ago, humankind did not have the sciences to help them life. They did not know why the sun rises each morning, why the moon changes  or why the seasons change. Ancient peoples witnessed sickness, death and natural disasters but they did not know caused them. To explain the world around them, groups of peopletheir own accounts about nature and life. These stories were usually not recorded. Instead, they were part of a(n)  tradition, meaning they developed slowly and were  from one generation to another through telling stories. Upon hearing the , people accepted them as the truth.  , myths became beliefs, It is for this reason­ mythology is closely associated with religion. 

③Mythmaking,  superstition, is not the sole property of people who lived thousands of years ago. It has traditionally looked to the past to try to make sense  the present. Some modern myths look to the future. Storytellers make use of the  inventions of the last few centuries to give vivid depictions of what Earth may be like hundreds of years from now. They imagine life on worlds billions of light-years away in space or far in the future.

Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
     Scientists have wondered if animals actually have language. It seems clear to anyone who has a dog or cat or who  observes animals that there is certainly communication going on. Recent research into different animals is shedding light  animal communication.
     Many animals produce chemicals which send "smell-messages" to other animals of the same . A honeybee, for example, makes over thirty-six different chemicals to communicate  information as where to find good flowers. An ant that has found food will take a bit of it and, as it heads back to the anthill, leaves a chemical  so that other ants will know where to go for more food. Animals also communicate with  language. A dog expresses happiness by wagging its tail,  most people know. A honeybee uses a complex "dance" to give other bees the  direction to flowers. Like humans, many animals , but we are only beginning to understand the meaning of these sounds. A professor has spent over ten years studying prairie dogs   He carefully records their sounds and observes their  and all events that happen at the same time as the sounds. The professor claims that he has  about fifty "words", with which prairie dogs alert each other when they  danger.
     It is clear that animals certainly communicate in various ways. However, the question "Is it language?" is still . Some people think it is. The famous linguist Noam Chomsky, however, believed that what  communication from true language is syntax——that is, the use of grammar and word order, so he believed that only humans can have language.

CLOZE

Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. 

        Migration, in biology, is the movement of animals to a place that offers better living conditions. Many birds, fishes, insects, and mammals regularly migrate to  unfavorable changes in weather or food supply．

        Migrations take place on land, in water, or in the air. Some animals migrate only short  . Other migrations cover thousands of miles or kilometers．
        Migration enables many animals to  favorable weather and abundant food supplies in areas with changing  . In some parts of the world, for example, food is plentiful in summer but becomes  during the cold winter months. Many animals that live in these regions migrate to  climates in the fall. They return in the spring when the weather warms up．

        Many migrations are  reproduction. Numerous animals migrate to breeding areas so that their young have the best chance for . Migratory birds breed in their summer homes,  the food supply is most abundant． 

        Many animals begin their migrations after unfavorable environmental conditions  . But among other species, the factors that trigger (引发) migrations are more difficult to explain. Experiments show that changes in day length  the migrations of many species of birds. In spring, the  hours of daylight trigger the release of certain hormones in the bodies of the birds. Hormones are chemical substances that regulate many body functions.   , the hormones prepare the birds for the northward trip．
        Besides using environmental  , many seasonal migrators probably have an inborn "calendar" that tells them when to migrate. Some birds show seasonal migratory behavior even when kept  constant conditions in a laboratory. An inborn timing mechanism may trigger the migration of salmon and other animals that migrate at different stages of their life. 

Please close （）door after you leave our classroom.

Please close （）door after you leave our classroom.

Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.

        I was successful at my job. I worked very hard, but it afforded me and my family a fabulous（极好的）lifestyle. I'd worked for the same company for twenty years and had worked my way up to department director. , one afternoon last May, I was called to the office, and it was gently explained to me that they were letting me go. I just sat there  they talked on and all I could think was, "I've ." I'd been so well respected;  I was of no value.

        For six weeks, I was in a very  place. I wandered around my house like a zombie（僵尸）. I could see things needed doing, but would not do anything. My beliefs in looking forward and seeing the positive（积极的）in everything  me.

        Then, in late June, my youngest son's football team made the city cup final. The year before, he'd been very sad when I missed the same final, so he was  when I told him I'd go. Not only did they win, but the look on his face as he saw me  him on was unbelievable.  From then on, I spent the summer enjoying my sons and their passions（激情）. I attended match after match and performances of my elder son's band —— I  went to another city to watch him play. These moments were so . My life had been so much devoted to  for so long, and I felt  that my sons were happy to welcome me into their world.

        , being unemployed gave me back a sense of purpose —— I was someone's mum ! I felt a sense of being  again. Now I feel more positive about my professional future and I'm getting on better with my family than I ever have. Losing my job made me realize just how  it is to achieve real balance in life.

        Babies love a beat, according to a new study that found dancing comes naturally to infants. The research showed babies respond to the rhythm of  , and find it more interesting than speech. The findings, based a study of 120 infants between five months and two years old, suggest that humans may be born with a to move rhythmically in response to music. Researchers find that it is the beat other features of the music, such as the melody,  produces the response in infants. They  found that the better the children’s movements were able to coincide with the music, the more they smiled.
        To test babies’ reaction to music, the researchers recordings of classical music, rhythmic beats and speech to infants, and videotaped the . In addition, they recruited professional ballet dancers to analyze how well the babiestheir movements to the music. During the experiments, each baby was sitting on a parent’s lap. The adults had on to make sure they couldn’t hear the music, and they were  not to move. The researchers found the babies moved their arms, hands, legs, feet and heads in response to the music, than to speech.
        Itto be understood why humans have developed thisreaction. One possibility is that it was a target of natural selection for music or that it has evolved forfunction that just happens to be relevant to music processing. Though the ability appears to be innate in humans, the researchers aren’t sure why it evolved.

Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Write the letter corresponding to your choice on the answer sheet. (1 point each, 15 points in all)
①Most living things undergo two types of biological change during their lifetime. One is  , an increase in the size or efficiency of an organism. The other is aging, which involves a decrease in size or efficiency.
Signs of aging begin to in most people between the age of 30 and40. Heredity determines most of the ways a person changes while aging, but environment also. Graying hair is probably the most common sign of aging. All the senses decline with age. For example, the eyes lose their ability to adapt  darkness, and they require brighter light for reading.
②Movement becomes harder with age. By age 80, about half the muscle cells have been replaced by other kinds of tissue. In women, bones lose calcium and become more likely to  . As a person ages, the body's ability to combat infection declines. This change occurs because the white blood cells of  is called the body's immune system lose their  function.
③Many people believe that with advancing age, an individual loses the ability to learn, remember, and make decisions. But disease or injury damages the brain, a healthy elderly person who active probably suffers no serious decline in ability.
④No one completely understands the aging process. Some scientists that human aging will ever be controlled. Others believe that aging can be . Usually, normal human cells can be kept in a laboratory for only a limited time. Butcells, such as various kinds of cancer cells, can live for a long time. If scientists can determine how such cells survive, they may gain an insight into the process of cell aging.

①Want to keep your mind healthy throughout your life? an instrument. A new study found that musicians  brains that function better than their peers well into old age.
②Researchers  the mental abilities of senior citizens and discovered that musicians performed better at a number of skills. In ，they excelled at visual memory tasks. musicians had similar verbal capabilities to non-musicians, their ability to memorize new words was better, too. Perhaps most importantly, the musicians' IQ  were higher overall than those who spent their lives listening to music performing it.
③The experience of musicians also played a role in how their minds were. The younger they began to play their instruments, the better their minds performed at the mental tasks. , the total number of years they played instruments throughout their life  how strong their brains remained years later. A preliminary study of 70 older participants, with different musical experience over their lifetimes, provides a connection  musical activity and mental balance in old age. The results revealed  participants with at least 10 years of musical experience had better performance in nonverbal memory, naming, and executive processes in advanced age   non-musicians.
④The study also found that musicians who  in their spare time had even higher-functioning brain capabilities. This finding supports recent study that reported people who walk regularly maintain healthier brains. With that in mind, perhaps joining a marching band will make you the smartest person at the retirement home in the future.

Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
     Scientists have wondered if animals actually have language. It seems clear to anyone who has a dog or cat or who  observes animals that there is certainly communication going on. Recent research into different animals is shedding light  animal communication.
     Many animals produce chemicals which send "smell-messages" to other animals of the same . A honeybee, for example, makes over thirty-six different chemicals to communicate  information as where to find good flowers. An ant that has found food will take a bit of it and, as it heads back to the anthill, leaves a chemical  so that other ants will know where to go for more food. Animals also communicate with  language. A dog expresses happiness by wagging its tail,  most people know. A honeybee uses a complex "dance" to give other bees the  direction to flowers. Like humans, many animals , but we are only beginning to understand the meaning of these sounds. A professor has spent over ten years studying prairie dogs   He carefully records their sounds and observes their  and all events that happen at the same time as the sounds. The professor claims that he has  about fifty "words", with which prairie dogs alert each other when they  danger.
     It is clear that animals certainly communicate in various ways. However, the question "Is it language?" is still . Some people think it is. The famous linguist Noam Chomsky, however, believed that what  communication from true language is syntax——that is, the use of grammar and word order, so he believed that only humans can have language.

CLOZE
Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer.

     I still remember an incident that happened to me during World WarⅡ. I had just flown from the far south of Australia to mainland to join an Army transport train which would then transfer me to the Australian General Hospital at the top of the country, near the equator. It was to be a(n)  journey.
     On the fifth morning, as the train headed up the coastline. It was delayed for some hours in a small town. We had been traveling continuously, only stopping  to change engines or have meals at railway dining rooms.  spending four hot nights sleeping on the carriage floors, I was in need of refreshing.
     It was already hot and we were all starting to feel uncomfortable.  from the south, I wasn't used to the heat and humidity of the Tropical North. On the railway station , I could see many wind-operated water pumps and couldn't help  comment aloud that I would greatly appreciate a shower. A young fair-haired boy, who had come to the station to see the soldiers, overheard my . He invited me to his home to have a shower and refresh up. I told him that his mother might not  and with that he left. To my , just minutes later he returned saying," Mum asks you to come and  half a dozen mates."
     So I gathered up four mates and together we accepted the invitation. During our short stop, the boy's mother kindly  us cold drinks, towels, soap and much praise and encouragement for our war . Acceptance of that boy's invitation left a(n)  awareness in me of the kindness of people who  the needs of others unconditionally. There are many. 

       Jenna, a popular girl from Westwood Middle School, had graduated first in her class and was ready for new  in high school. However, high school was difficult. In the first week, Jenna went to tryouts(选拔赛)for cheerleaders(拉拉队队员). She was competing against very talented girls, and she knew it would be  for her to be selected. Two hours later, the  read a list of the girls for a second tryout. Her heart  as the list ended without her name. Feeling  , she walked home carrying her schoolbag full of homework.
       Arriving home, she started with math. She had always been a good math student, but now she was  . She moved on to English and history, and was relieved to find that she didn’t have any trouble with those subjects. Feeling better, she decided not to  math for the time being.
       The next day Jenna went to see Mrs. Biden about being on the school  . Mrs. Biden
wasn’t as  as Jenna. “I’m sorry, but we have enough writers for the newspaper already. Come back next year and we’ll talk then.” Jenna smiled and left. “Why is high school so ?” she sighed.
       Later in  class, Jenna devoted herself to figuring out the problems that had given her so much  . By the end of class, she understood how to get them right. As she gathered her books, Jenna decided she’d continue to try to fit in at her new school. She wasn’t sure if she’d succeed, but she knew she had to  . High school was just as her mom had said: “You will feel like a small fish in a big pond a big fish in a small pond. The challenge is to become the best fish you can be.”

CLOZE

Fill in of the blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. 

        Toys are playing things. The of the word "toy" is uncertain. It may have come from Old English, meaning "tool". Modern dictionaries focus on smallness. Just as a toy terrier is a dog that has been bred down to a small size, so most toys are miniature copies of objects. Dolls are miniature copies of people, and many doll houses are like normal houses in nearly every respect their size. Most stuffed animals are small, a few are made life-size. There are toy trucks, trains, and furniture that bear  similarities to their standard counterparts. Smallness a child to handle and control the object easily. It can be a disadvantage in infant toys because babies to put everything into their mouths. Tiny objects can be easily, which is why even larger toys must be made with parts that do not come easily. The eyes, noses, and cars of teddy bears must be strong and firmly  so an infant cannot chew them loose. 

          Anyone who has ever shopped for toys in  a large department store or the stores devoted  to toys has noticed the almost infinite variety of choices. Amid all the variety, , there are two features that should not  unnoticed: the differences between toys for infants and those for older children. To a large degree the difference is that many infants' toys have remained nearlyfor centuries, while those for older children are the products of modern technology. The manufacture and selling of toys is a highly profitable industry.