①From childhood to old age, we all use language as a means of broadening our knowledge of ourselves and the world about us. When humans first  , they were like newborn children, unable to use this tool. Yet once language developed, the possibilities for human kinds future and cultural growth increased.
②Many linguists (语言学家) believe that evolution isfor our ability to produce and use language. They  that our highly evolved brain provides us an innate language ability not found in lower  . Proponents (建议者) of this innateness theory say that ourfor language is inborn, but that language itself develops gradually,a function of the growth of the brain during childhood. Therefore there are critical biological times for language development.
③Currentof innateness theory are mixed, however, evidence supporting the existence of some innate abilities is undeniable. , more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taught ingrades. Young children often can learn several languages by beingto them, while adults have a much harder time learning another language once the rules of their first language have become firmly fixed.
④some aspects of language are undeniably innate, language does not develop automatically in a vacuum. Children who have beenfrom other human beings do not possess language. This demonstrates that interaction with other human beings is necessary for proper language development. Some linguists believe that this is even more basic to human language acquisition than any innate capacities. These theorists view language as imitative, learned behavior. In other words, children learn language from their parents by imitating them. Parents gradually shape their child’s language skills by positively reinforcing precise imitations and negatively reinforcing imprecise ones.

CLOZE

Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. 

     People build many different kinds of shelter throughout the world. The types of shelters they erect depend  on the climate and on what building materials are .

     In hot areas, the weather is warm enough for people to live  much of the time. But they still need protection  sun, rain, and insects. Houses there have many screened windows, doors, and other openings that let in breezes but keep out insect pests. In the cool regions, houses are  to keep out the cold and keep in heat. Many buildings have thick walls to  heat loss. In such snowy countries as Norway and Sweden, people build houses with sloping roofs  snow will slide off easily.

     Building methods and materials  widely throughout the world. In regions with large forests, many people use wood to build homes.  is easy to build with, but most wooden buildings are less sturdy than those made of stone or concrete.

     In areas with little , people construct many shelters of clay or mud. In Mexico and the southwestern United States, for example, people  clay and dirt or mud with water to make adobe (砖坯). In wet tropical areas,  causes wood shelters to rot within a few years. People in these areas build houses from other materials. For example, in some parts of Africa and on many Pacific islands, people weave the  of tall grass into houses.
     High-rise buildings made of steel and concrete are most common in such industrial countries as the United States and Canada. Prefabricated buildings  parts manufactured at a factory and then shipped to the construction . There construction workers assemble the parts. Many prefabricated shelters use large amounts of plastic and other lightweight materials.

CLOZE

Fill in of the blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. 

        Toys are playing things. The of the word "toy" is uncertain. It may have come from Old English, meaning "tool". Modern dictionaries focus on smallness. Just as a toy terrier is a dog that has been bred down to a small size, so most toys are miniature copies of objects. Dolls are miniature copies of people, and many doll houses are like normal houses in nearly every respect their size. Most stuffed animals are small, a few are made life-size. There are toy trucks, trains, and furniture that bear  similarities to their standard counterparts. Smallness a child to handle and control the object easily. It can be a disadvantage in infant toys because babies to put everything into their mouths. Tiny objects can be easily, which is why even larger toys must be made with parts that do not come easily. The eyes, noses, and cars of teddy bears must be strong and firmly  so an infant cannot chew them loose. 

          Anyone who has ever shopped for toys in  a large department store or the stores devoted  to toys has noticed the almost infinite variety of choices. Amid all the variety, , there are two features that should not  unnoticed: the differences between toys for infants and those for older children. To a large degree the difference is that many infants' toys have remained nearlyfor centuries, while those for older children are the products of modern technology. The manufacture and selling of toys is a highly profitable industry.

CLOZE
Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. 
    Writing is a system of human communication by means of visual symbols or signs. The earliest stages of writingalmost from the dawn of humanity.

    Counting devices have been used in all parts of the world. Such devicessticks, pebbles, clay tokens, and strings. For example, a shepherd could record thenumber of sheep in his flock by cutting one notch (刻痕) in a stick for each sheep. He could also keep pebbles of about the sameor shape in order to represent the different kinds of animals in his.

    Rock drawings conveyed a clearer meaning, but were not so useful for counting. A simple rock drawing shows a mountain goat and a mana horse. The mountain goat stands on all fours, but the horse and rider are upside down. The designa horseman that a mountain goat can climb thetrail, but that his horse cannot.

    Ideographs (象形文字) express an ideaany clear connection with any language. For example, a picture of a smiling face represents happiness. Any person can understand the idea of such a drawing, no matterhe or she speaks the language of the person who drew it. This way of expressing ideas, not necessarily, is called ideography. Pictures drawn for ideas differ only slightly from pictures drawn for artistic. Communication pictures are simplified and stereotyped, and they have nothat are not needed as part of the communication.

    Human beings took the decisivein developing real writing when they learned to express ideas indirectly. They did this by usingthat stood for the words in their language, not the ideas the words stood for. This kind of writing is called logography.

CLOZE
Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (1 point each, 15 points in all)
    Your job offer will not be canceled during a salary negotiation as long as you remain realistic, polite and respectful.
    You may not feel very powerful before you'vea job offer to accept a position. After all, you aren't even working at the company yet. But theis that you have the greatest negotiating power during that short period of time between being offered a job and formally agreeing toit.
    Think about it: The hiring manager has already let you know she wants toyou. The team have invested time and resources in the interview process and they'reto seal the deal and put you to work. This is thetime to talk about salary.
    Gulp. This is the hard. Actually, dealing with salary negotiation makes many people so uncomfortable that theyaccepting the first number offered without countering. This is a mistake, employers generally expect some negotiation in the hiring process and havethat into their offer by initially pitching a number that isthan they can ultimately go.
    So how do you go about negotiating a salary thatwhat you're worth? The first step is to arm yourself with some market data on average salaries for your position, that certain parts of the country pay more than others.
    Next, consider your own level of experience andabilities that you bring to the negotiating table——it's possible that as avalued candidate, you can get even more than the market average.
    Finally, build in a small cushion of cash that goes slightly above the actual number you want, so that if they offer less than you ask for, you'll still be happy with the results.

CLOZE
Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (1 point each, 15 points in all)

        Hibernation （冬眠）is a way for some animals to deal with the harshness of winter. They seek out a place where they will be protected from the weather and stay  the winter is over. During hibernation animals curl up and  breathe, seeming almost dead. Their heart rate and blood pressure are greatly  , and their body temperature hovers near the freezing . When the weather turns warmer, the animals come out of this state and return to activities.
        Hibernators try to find dark, quiet, safe winter homes where they will not be . They may make a den more by filling it with grass, hair and other materials. In , many animals that normally hibernate may have to stay active during the winter because of noise and .
        Before winter comes, hibernators spend much of their time eating to  more body fat. This extra fat keeps them  during the months when they do not eat. A hibernator’s body is sensitive  weather conditions. At different points during hibernation, these animals will increase their body temperature, move around, eat and then  to hibernating. An animal that does not do this may freeze to death. Similarly, animals respond to warmer temperatures as a  to come out of hibernation. It may take an hour or more for a hibernator to reach an alert state.
        The knowledge on hibernation has been used on patients  certain types of surgery. It may be possible that hibernation could also someday help space travelers by decreasing their need for oxygen and food.

CLOZE
Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (1 point each, 15 points in all)
    The search for buried treasure has been a traditional quest. It was a(n)of pirate gold that lured Jim Hawkins in Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Treasure Island. It was a real lifeof gold and artifacts for archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922, when he found the tomb of Egypt's King Tutankhamen. Today the more likely search is for the gold, silver, jewels, and other wealthto the bottom of the seas in shipwrecks. So great is the treasure resting at the bottom of the seasmany adventurers explore the oceans every year, the most advanced technology—sonar equipment, small submarines and undersea robots.

    There are records of more than 8000having sunk off the east coast of the Americasan uncounted number in the Pacific. Perhaps the most famous of these was the Titanic, the luxury ocean liner thatan iceberg and sank in 1912. The wreck of the Titanic was found in September 1985, salvaging (打捞) it is a very difficult prospect, as it was founda depth of 13000 feet.

    Treasure hunting ismining for gold, silver, and other precious minerals. Mining is a search for. Treasure hunting is a search for actual wealth, the processed commoditiesgold and silver bars, coins, and jewelry. Government policy regarding theof treasure varies from nation to nation. United States courts have normallyfound treasure to the finder. In Great Britain it belongs to the government.

CLOZE

Fill in of the blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. 

        Toys are playing things. The of the word "toy" is uncertain. It may have come from Old English, meaning "tool". Modern dictionaries focus on smallness. Just as a toy terrier is a dog that has been bred down to a small size, so most toys are miniature copies of objects. Dolls are miniature copies of people, and many doll houses are like normal houses in nearly every respect their size. Most stuffed animals are small, a few are made life-size. There are toy trucks, trains, and furniture that bear  similarities to their standard counterparts. Smallness a child to handle and control the object easily. It can be a disadvantage in infant toys because babies to put everything into their mouths. Tiny objects can be easily, which is why even larger toys must be made with parts that do not come easily. The eyes, noses, and cars of teddy bears must be strong and firmly  so an infant cannot chew them loose. 

          Anyone who has ever shopped for toys in  a large department store or the stores devoted  to toys has noticed the almost infinite variety of choices. Amid all the variety, , there are two features that should not  unnoticed: the differences between toys for infants and those for older children. To a large degree the difference is that many infants' toys have remained nearlyfor centuries, while those for older children are the products of modern technology. The manufacture and selling of toys is a highly profitable industry.

CLOZE
Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (1 point each, 15 points in all)
    Your job offer will not be canceled during a salary negotiation as long as you remain realistic, polite and respectful.
    You may not feel very powerful before you'vea job offer to accept a position. After all, you aren't even working at the company yet. But theis that you have the greatest negotiating power during that short period of time between being offered a job and formally agreeing toit.
    Think about it: The hiring manager has already let you know she wants toyou. The team have invested time and resources in the interview process and they'reto seal the deal and put you to work. This is thetime to talk about salary.
    Gulp. This is the hard. Actually, dealing with salary negotiation makes many people so uncomfortable that theyaccepting the first number offered without countering. This is a mistake, employers generally expect some negotiation in the hiring process and havethat into their offer by initially pitching a number that isthan they can ultimately go.
    So how do you go about negotiating a salary thatwhat you're worth? The first step is to arm yourself with some market data on average salaries for your position, that certain parts of the country pay more than others.
    Next, consider your own level of experience andabilities that you bring to the negotiating table——it's possible that as avalued candidate, you can get even more than the market average.
    Finally, build in a small cushion of cash that goes slightly above the actual number you want, so that if they offer less than you ask for, you'll still be happy with the results.

CLOZE
Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (1 point each, 15 points in all)

        Hibernation （冬眠）is a way for some animals to deal with the harshness of winter. They seek out a place where they will be protected from the weather and stay  the winter is over. During hibernation animals curl up and  breathe, seeming almost dead. Their heart rate and blood pressure are greatly  , and their body temperature hovers near the freezing . When the weather turns warmer, the animals come out of this state and return to activities.
        Hibernators try to find dark, quiet, safe winter homes where they will not be . They may make a den more by filling it with grass, hair and other materials. In , many animals that normally hibernate may have to stay active during the winter because of noise and .
        Before winter comes, hibernators spend much of their time eating to  more body fat. This extra fat keeps them  during the months when they do not eat. A hibernator’s body is sensitive  weather conditions. At different points during hibernation, these animals will increase their body temperature, move around, eat and then  to hibernating. An animal that does not do this may freeze to death. Similarly, animals respond to warmer temperatures as a  to come out of hibernation. It may take an hour or more for a hibernator to reach an alert state.
        The knowledge on hibernation has been used on patients  certain types of surgery. It may be possible that hibernation could also someday help space travelers by decreasing their need for oxygen and food.

①There is a workman in America who earns as much as a company director. He is Max Quarterman, a thirty-year-old plasterer (泥瓦匠). 
②Max lives in an upper middle-class housing estate. His are mostly bank managers, business executives, airline pilots and the like, but Max’s seven-bedroom house— $ 80,000—is the largest in the area. outside the house are Max’s $7000 sports car and his wife’s Morris Mini.  is a 150 color TV set and the family’s pride— a circular bath with gold-plated taps. There are also many labor—saving and luxury（豪华） furniture.
③How can a plasterer  all this? The answer, says Max, is hard work. In partnership with another plasterer, Max does contract plastering jobs for a firm. The owner of the firm  them as human machines, the best and quickest in the , who can do as much in two days as any two-man team can in two weeks.
④How do they  it? Not by working overtime. They work a normal eight-hour day, five days a week. The secret in Max’s hod (桶) in which he carries the plaster (石膏) to the site of the job. Max’s is a superhod—it contains double the usual weight of plaster, and Max, a strong fellow, runs when he carries it. More time is thus to get on with the plastering. Besides, man wastes time smoking, and they their lunch break to a of an hour a day. Now Max earns over $800 a week which is four times the average weekly pay in America today, and if he gets as as $150, it’s a disaster.

CLOZE
Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (1 point each, 15 points in all)

        I can’t imagine ever going away on vacation and coming back with less than I took. Usually the suitcase, or the back of the car will be  to capacity. Last time it was a set of wooden rowboat oars and a captain’s wheel that I  in a bric-a-brac（小玩艺儿） store during our family holiday along the coast. I decided my “finds” were too good to leave . And it seems I’m in good company.
        Shopping is a major part of being a , taking up to one-third of our vacation budgets. And with the World Bank  that over one billion people travel for leisure outside their own countries each year, the mind is shocked at how much money we spend on souvenirs to  us of our adventures.
        It starts at the airport duty free stores,  on the plane, and ramps up（增加）at the hotel surrounded by gift  and at the crowded local markets and landmarks. If we’re very , it persists on the special bus tours that take us round town and end up at a discount store  by the driver’s cousin.
        So why do we all get the  to snap up foreign items on holiday? And is it  to ensure those never-to-be-repeated purchases are worth every dollar or euro? To  what’s going on, I asked family, friends and work colleagues to unpack their gift stories.
        Whether it’s the spare time a vacation  us to browse（浏览）shops for non-essentials, or the exciting atmosphere of a new location, or the aching need to have  we’ve been away, there are common themes to our holiday buying. We’d better keep in mind some rules next time we venture from home.

     Without transportation, there could be no trade. Without trade, there could be no towns and cities. Towns and cities are traditionally theof civilization. Therefore, transportation helps make civilization. 

     Throughout most of the prehistoric period, people lived by hunting, fishing, andwild plants. They had no beasts of burden, wheeled vehicles, or roads. People traveledand carried their infants and belongings strapped to their backs or heads. Loads too heavy for one person to carry were strapped to a pole and carried by two people.
     , people learned that they could drag loads along the ground on sledges. During late prehistoric times, people began to build sledges with runners.
     When people developed agriculture and began to establishsettlements, trade between settlements started to develop, which created a need for betterof transportation. The donkey and the ox, which had been tamed for food products and farm work, helpedthis need. The use of donkeys and oxen as beasts of burden enabled people toheavier loads than they could before.
     People also began to develop water transportation during prehistoric times. They built rafts of suchas logs or reeds. Later, people learnedto make dugouts and canoes. People paddled these early craft with their hands or propelled them with paddles or.
     The wheel was invented about 3500 B.C. and sailboat about 3200 B.C. Wheeled vehicles and sailing vesselstransportation. But the speed of transportation improved onlyover the centuries.
     Inventors produced the first engine-vehicles during the late 1700’s and the early 1800’s. This development marked the beginning of a revolution in transportation that has continued to the present.

According to the theory of deterrence, the more severe the punishment,（）

①From childhood to old age, we all use language as a means of broadening our knowledge of ourselves and the world about us. When humans first  , they were like newborn children, unable to use this tool. Yet once language developed, the possibilities for human kinds future and cultural growth increased.
②Many linguists (语言学家) believe that evolution isfor our ability to produce and use language. They  that our highly evolved brain provides us an innate language ability not found in lower  . Proponents (建议者) of this innateness theory say that ourfor language is inborn, but that language itself develops gradually,a function of the growth of the brain during childhood. Therefore there are critical biological times for language development.
③Currentof innateness theory are mixed, however, evidence supporting the existence of some innate abilities is undeniable. , more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taught ingrades. Young children often can learn several languages by beingto them, while adults have a much harder time learning another language once the rules of their first language have become firmly fixed.
④some aspects of language are undeniably innate, language does not develop automatically in a vacuum. Children who have beenfrom other human beings do not possess language. This demonstrates that interaction with other human beings is necessary for proper language development. Some linguists believe that this is even more basic to human language acquisition than any innate capacities. These theorists view language as imitative, learned behavior. In other words, children learn language from their parents by imitating them. Parents gradually shape their child’s language skills by positively reinforcing precise imitations and negatively reinforcing imprecise ones.

        Babies love a beat, according to a new study that found dancing comes naturally to infants. The research showed babies respond to the rhythm of  , and find it more interesting than speech. The findings, based a study of 120 infants between five months and two years old, suggest that humans may be born with a to move rhythmically in response to music. Researchers find that it is the beat other features of the music, such as the melody,  produces the response in infants. They  found that the better the children’s movements were able to coincide with the music, the more they smiled.
        To test babies’ reaction to music, the researchers recordings of classical music, rhythmic beats and speech to infants, and videotaped the . In addition, they recruited professional ballet dancers to analyze how well the babiestheir movements to the music. During the experiments, each baby was sitting on a parent’s lap. The adults had on to make sure they couldn’t hear the music, and they were  not to move. The researchers found the babies moved their arms, hands, legs, feet and heads in response to the music, than to speech.
        Itto be understood why humans have developed thisreaction. One possibility is that it was a target of natural selection for music or that it has evolved forfunction that just happens to be relevant to music processing. Though the ability appears to be innate in humans, the researchers aren’t sure why it evolved.

①Want to keep your mind healthy throughout your life? an instrument. A new study found that musicians  brains that function better than their peers well into old age.
②Researchers  the mental abilities of senior citizens and discovered that musicians performed better at a number of skills. In ，they excelled at visual memory tasks. musicians had similar verbal capabilities to non-musicians, their ability to memorize new words was better, too. Perhaps most importantly, the musicians' IQ  were higher overall than those who spent their lives listening to music performing it.
③The experience of musicians also played a role in how their minds were. The younger they began to play their instruments, the better their minds performed at the mental tasks. , the total number of years they played instruments throughout their life  how strong their brains remained years later. A preliminary study of 70 older participants, with different musical experience over their lifetimes, provides a connection  musical activity and mental balance in old age. The results revealed  participants with at least 10 years of musical experience had better performance in nonverbal memory, naming, and executive processes in advanced age   non-musicians.
④The study also found that musicians who  in their spare time had even higher-functioning brain capabilities. This finding supports recent study that reported people who walk regularly maintain healthier brains. With that in mind, perhaps joining a marching band will make you the smartest person at the retirement home in the future.

Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Write the letter corresponding to your choice on the answer sheet. (1 point each, 15 points in all)
①Most living things undergo two types of biological change during their lifetime. One is  , an increase in the size or efficiency of an organism. The other is aging, which involves a decrease in size or efficiency.
Signs of aging begin to in most people between the age of 30 and40. Heredity determines most of the ways a person changes while aging, but environment also. Graying hair is probably the most common sign of aging. All the senses decline with age. For example, the eyes lose their ability to adapt  darkness, and they require brighter light for reading.
②Movement becomes harder with age. By age 80, about half the muscle cells have been replaced by other kinds of tissue. In women, bones lose calcium and become more likely to  . As a person ages, the body's ability to combat infection declines. This change occurs because the white blood cells of  is called the body's immune system lose their  function.
③Many people believe that with advancing age, an individual loses the ability to learn, remember, and make decisions. But disease or injury damages the brain, a healthy elderly person who active probably suffers no serious decline in ability.
④No one completely understands the aging process. Some scientists that human aging will ever be controlled. Others believe that aging can be . Usually, normal human cells can be kept in a laboratory for only a limited time. Butcells, such as various kinds of cancer cells, can live for a long time. If scientists can determine how such cells survive, they may gain an insight into the process of cell aging.

CLOZE
Fill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer.

     I still remember an incident that happened to me during World WarⅡ. I had just flown from the far south of Australia to mainland to join an Army transport train which would then transfer me to the Australian General Hospital at the top of the country, near the equator. It was to be a(n)  journey.
     On the fifth morning, as the train headed up the coastline. It was delayed for some hours in a small town. We had been traveling continuously, only stopping  to change engines or have meals at railway dining rooms.  spending four hot nights sleeping on the carriage floors, I was in need of refreshing.
     It was already hot and we were all starting to feel uncomfortable.  from the south, I wasn't used to the heat and humidity of the Tropical North. On the railway station , I could see many wind-operated water pumps and couldn't help  comment aloud that I would greatly appreciate a shower. A young fair-haired boy, who had come to the station to see the soldiers, overheard my . He invited me to his home to have a shower and refresh up. I told him that his mother might not  and with that he left. To my , just minutes later he returned saying," Mum asks you to come and  half a dozen mates."
     So I gathered up four mates and together we accepted the invitation. During our short stop, the boy's mother kindly  us cold drinks, towels, soap and much praise and encouragement for our war . Acceptance of that boy's invitation left a(n)  awareness in me of the kindness of people who  the needs of others unconditionally. There are many. 

     Without transportation, there could be no trade. Without trade, there could be no towns and cities. Towns and cities are traditionally theof civilization. Therefore, transportation helps make civilization. 

     Throughout most of the prehistoric period, people lived by hunting, fishing, andwild plants. They had no beasts of burden, wheeled vehicles, or roads. People traveledand carried their infants and belongings strapped to their backs or heads. Loads too heavy for one person to carry were strapped to a pole and carried by two people.
     , people learned that they could drag loads along the ground on sledges. During late prehistoric times, people began to build sledges with runners.
     When people developed agriculture and began to establishsettlements, trade between settlements started to develop, which created a need for betterof transportation. The donkey and the ox, which had been tamed for food products and farm work, helpedthis need. The use of donkeys and oxen as beasts of burden enabled people toheavier loads than they could before.
     People also began to develop water transportation during prehistoric times. They built rafts of suchas logs or reeds. Later, people learnedto make dugouts and canoes. People paddled these early craft with their hands or propelled them with paddles or.
     The wheel was invented about 3500 B.C. and sailboat about 3200 B.C. Wheeled vehicles and sailing vesselstransportation. But the speed of transportation improved onlyover the centuries.
     Inventors produced the first engine-vehicles during the late 1700’s and the early 1800’s. This development marked the beginning of a revolution in transportation that has continued to the present.