①Want to keep your mind healthy throughout your life? an instrument. A new study found that musicians  brains that function better than their peers well into old age.
②Researchers  the mental abilities of senior citizens and discovered that musicians performed better at a number of skills. In ，they excelled at visual memory tasks. musicians had similar verbal capabilities to non-musicians, their ability to memorize new words was better, too. Perhaps most importantly, the musicians' IQ  were higher overall than those who spent their lives listening to music performing it.
③The experience of musicians also played a role in how their minds were. The younger they began to play their instruments, the better their minds performed at the mental tasks. , the total number of years they played instruments throughout their life  how strong their brains remained years later. A preliminary study of 70 older participants, with different musical experience over their lifetimes, provides a connection  musical activity and mental balance in old age. The results revealed  participants with at least 10 years of musical experience had better performance in nonverbal memory, naming, and executive processes in advanced age   non-musicians.
④The study also found that musicians who  in their spare time had even higher-functioning brain capabilities. This finding supports recent study that reported people who walk regularly maintain healthier brains. With that in mind, perhaps joining a marching band will make you the smartest person at the retirement home in the future.

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     Scientists have wondered if animals actually have language. It seems clear to anyone who has a dog or cat or who  observes animals that there is certainly communication going on. Recent research into different animals is shedding light  animal communication.
     Many animals produce chemicals which send "smell-messages" to other animals of the same . A honeybee, for example, makes over thirty-six different chemicals to communicate  information as where to find good flowers. An ant that has found food will take a bit of it and, as it heads back to the anthill, leaves a chemical  so that other ants will know where to go for more food. Animals also communicate with  language. A dog expresses happiness by wagging its tail,  most people know. A honeybee uses a complex "dance" to give other bees the  direction to flowers. Like humans, many animals , but we are only beginning to understand the meaning of these sounds. A professor has spent over ten years studying prairie dogs   He carefully records their sounds and observes their  and all events that happen at the same time as the sounds. The professor claims that he has  about fifty "words", with which prairie dogs alert each other when they  danger.
     It is clear that animals certainly communicate in various ways. However, the question "Is it language?" is still . Some people think it is. The famous linguist Noam Chomsky, however, believed that what  communication from true language is syntax——that is, the use of grammar and word order, so he believed that only humans can have language.

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     People build many different kinds of shelter throughout the world. The types of shelters they erect depend  on the climate and on what building materials are .

     In hot areas, the weather is warm enough for people to live  much of the time. But they still need protection  sun, rain, and insects. Houses there have many screened windows, doors, and other openings that let in breezes but keep out insect pests. In the cool regions, houses are  to keep out the cold and keep in heat. Many buildings have thick walls to  heat loss. In such snowy countries as Norway and Sweden, people build houses with sloping roofs  snow will slide off easily.

     Building methods and materials  widely throughout the world. In regions with large forests, many people use wood to build homes.  is easy to build with, but most wooden buildings are less sturdy than those made of stone or concrete.

     In areas with little , people construct many shelters of clay or mud. In Mexico and the southwestern United States, for example, people  clay and dirt or mud with water to make adobe (砖坯). In wet tropical areas,  causes wood shelters to rot within a few years. People in these areas build houses from other materials. For example, in some parts of Africa and on many Pacific islands, people weave the  of tall grass into houses.
     High-rise buildings made of steel and concrete are most common in such industrial countries as the United States and Canada. Prefabricated buildings  parts manufactured at a factory and then shipped to the construction . There construction workers assemble the parts. Many prefabricated shelters use large amounts of plastic and other lightweight materials.

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        Migration, in biology, is the movement of animals to a place that offers better living conditions. Many birds, fishes, insects, and mammals regularly migrate to  unfavorable changes in weather or food supply．

        Migrations take place on land, in water, or in the air. Some animals migrate only short  . Other migrations cover thousands of miles or kilometers．
        Migration enables many animals to  favorable weather and abundant food supplies in areas with changing  . In some parts of the world, for example, food is plentiful in summer but becomes  during the cold winter months. Many animals that live in these regions migrate to  climates in the fall. They return in the spring when the weather warms up．

        Many migrations are  reproduction. Numerous animals migrate to breeding areas so that their young have the best chance for . Migratory birds breed in their summer homes,  the food supply is most abundant． 

        Many animals begin their migrations after unfavorable environmental conditions  . But among other species, the factors that trigger (引发) migrations are more difficult to explain. Experiments show that changes in day length  the migrations of many species of birds. In spring, the  hours of daylight trigger the release of certain hormones in the bodies of the birds. Hormones are chemical substances that regulate many body functions.   , the hormones prepare the birds for the northward trip．
        Besides using environmental  , many seasonal migrators probably have an inborn "calendar" that tells them when to migrate. Some birds show seasonal migratory behavior even when kept  constant conditions in a laboratory. An inborn timing mechanism may trigger the migration of salmon and other animals that migrate at different stages of their life. 

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        I was successful at my job. I worked very hard, but it afforded me and my family a fabulous（极好的）lifestyle. I'd worked for the same company for twenty years and had worked my way up to department director. , one afternoon last May, I was called to the office, and it was gently explained to me that they were letting me go. I just sat there  they talked on and all I could think was, "I've ." I'd been so well respected;  I was of no value.

        For six weeks, I was in a very  place. I wandered around my house like a zombie（僵尸）. I could see things needed doing, but would not do anything. My beliefs in looking forward and seeing the positive（积极的）in everything  me.

        Then, in late June, my youngest son's football team made the city cup final. The year before, he'd been very sad when I missed the same final, so he was  when I told him I'd go. Not only did they win, but the look on his face as he saw me  him on was unbelievable.  From then on, I spent the summer enjoying my sons and their passions（激情）. I attended match after match and performances of my elder son's band —— I  went to another city to watch him play. These moments were so . My life had been so much devoted to  for so long, and I felt  that my sons were happy to welcome me into their world.

        , being unemployed gave me back a sense of purpose —— I was someone's mum ! I felt a sense of being  again. Now I feel more positive about my professional future and I'm getting on better with my family than I ever have. Losing my job made me realize just how  it is to achieve real balance in life.

        Babies love a beat, according to a new study that found dancing comes naturally to infants. The research showed babies respond to the rhythm of  , and find it more interesting than speech. The findings, based a study of 120 infants between five months and two years old, suggest that humans may be born with a to move rhythmically in response to music. Researchers find that it is the beat other features of the music, such as the melody,  produces the response in infants. They  found that the better the children’s movements were able to coincide with the music, the more they smiled.
        To test babies’ reaction to music, the researchers recordings of classical music, rhythmic beats and speech to infants, and videotaped the . In addition, they recruited professional ballet dancers to analyze how well the babiestheir movements to the music. During the experiments, each baby was sitting on a parent’s lap. The adults had on to make sure they couldn’t hear the music, and they were  not to move. The researchers found the babies moved their arms, hands, legs, feet and heads in response to the music, than to speech.
        Itto be understood why humans have developed thisreaction. One possibility is that it was a target of natural selection for music or that it has evolved forfunction that just happens to be relevant to music processing. Though the ability appears to be innate in humans, the researchers aren’t sure why it evolved.

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        Toys are playing things. The of the word "toy" is uncertain. It may have come from Old English, meaning "tool". Modern dictionaries focus on smallness. Just as a toy terrier is a dog that has been bred down to a small size, so most toys are miniature copies of objects. Dolls are miniature copies of people, and many doll houses are like normal houses in nearly every respect their size. Most stuffed animals are small, a few are made life-size. There are toy trucks, trains, and furniture that bear  similarities to their standard counterparts. Smallness a child to handle and control the object easily. It can be a disadvantage in infant toys because babies to put everything into their mouths. Tiny objects can be easily, which is why even larger toys must be made with parts that do not come easily. The eyes, noses, and cars of teddy bears must be strong and firmly  so an infant cannot chew them loose. 

          Anyone who has ever shopped for toys in  a large department store or the stores devoted  to toys has noticed the almost infinite variety of choices. Amid all the variety, , there are two features that should not  unnoticed: the differences between toys for infants and those for older children. To a large degree the difference is that many infants' toys have remained nearlyfor centuries, while those for older children are the products of modern technology. The manufacture and selling of toys is a highly profitable industry.

        Babies love a beat, according to a new study that found dancing comes naturally to infants. The research showed babies respond to the rhythm of  , and find it more interesting than speech. The findings, based a study of 120 infants between five months and two years old, suggest that humans may be born with a to move rhythmically in response to music. Researchers find that it is the beat other features of the music, such as the melody,  produces the response in infants. They  found that the better the children’s movements were able to coincide with the music, the more they smiled.
        To test babies’ reaction to music, the researchers recordings of classical music, rhythmic beats and speech to infants, and videotaped the . In addition, they recruited professional ballet dancers to analyze how well the babiestheir movements to the music. During the experiments, each baby was sitting on a parent’s lap. The adults had on to make sure they couldn’t hear the music, and they were  not to move. The researchers found the babies moved their arms, hands, legs, feet and heads in response to the music, than to speech.
        Itto be understood why humans have developed thisreaction. One possibility is that it was a target of natural selection for music or that it has evolved forfunction that just happens to be relevant to music processing. Though the ability appears to be innate in humans, the researchers aren’t sure why it evolved.

—It was a red light, William. You（ ）the car.

—Sorry. I didn't see it.

My MP4 player isn't in my bag. Where （）I have put it?

---May I take this book out ?

 --- No, you （ ）.

—It was a red light, William. You（ ）the car.

—Sorry. I didn't see it.

（） makes mistakes must correct them.

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①Shoe is a covering for the foot. Shoes have a  , and most shoes also have a heel. The upper part of most shoes extends no  than the ankle. Boots are footwear that reaches beyond the ankle. People wear shoes in order to  their feet from the environment, sharp objects, and uncomfortable surfaces. 

②Fashion often determines shoe styles. The desire to be  has led to unusual styles. Many European men of the 1300’s wore shoes with an extremely 

long toe. Sometimes the long toe had to be fastened to the knee with a chain so that the  would not trip. 

③Most shoes are made of leather. Other shoe materials include canvas, velvet, and such  substances as plastics. Materials and styles  somewhat, depending on climate, custom, and other  . For example, to keep their feet dry from the  ground, many farmers in the Netherlands wear heavy wooden shoes. 

④No one knows  people first began to wear shoes. The first foot coverings worn in cold regions were probably baglike wrappings made of animal fur. The first known footwear used in  surroundings consisted of sandals made of plant fibers or leather. The ancient Egyptians wore such sandals  3700 B.C., and the ancient Greeks and Romans also wore sandals. In China, people wore cloth shoes thousands of years ago. 

⑤Throughout  ， people have worn shoes not only for protection but also for decoration and to  social status. Shoe styles have gone  and out of fashion, just as they do today. For example, the fashion in women‘s shoes changed to rounded toes in the 1500’s, low heels by the late 1500’s, and high heels in the 1600’s.

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①In the distant past, the beginnings of the world and of society were explained in mythology. Mythology is the rich  of tales from different cultures about how the world was and why certain things happen. Today the word “myth” is often used to describe something that is made up. Myths tell of gods or other supreme beings, heroes and events that are—or werebelieved to be true. 

②Thousands of years ago, humankind did not have the sciences to help them life. They did not know why the sun rises each morning, why the moon changes  or why the seasons change. Ancient peoples witnessed sickness, death and natural disasters but they did not know caused them. To explain the world around them, groups of peopletheir own accounts about nature and life. These stories were usually not recorded. Instead, they were part of a(n)  tradition, meaning they developed slowly and were  from one generation to another through telling stories. Upon hearing the , people accepted them as the truth.  , myths became beliefs, It is for this reason­ mythology is closely associated with religion. 

③Mythmaking,  superstition, is not the sole property of people who lived thousands of years ago. It has traditionally looked to the past to try to make sense  the present. Some modern myths look to the future. Storytellers make use of the  inventions of the last few centuries to give vivid depictions of what Earth may be like hundreds of years from now. They imagine life on worlds billions of light-years away in space or far in the future.

CLOZE
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        I can’t imagine ever going away on vacation and coming back with less than I took. Usually the suitcase, or the back of the car will be  to capacity. Last time it was a set of wooden rowboat oars and a captain’s wheel that I  in a bric-a-brac（小玩艺儿） store during our family holiday along the coast. I decided my “finds” were too good to leave . And it seems I’m in good company.
        Shopping is a major part of being a , taking up to one-third of our vacation budgets. And with the World Bank  that over one billion people travel for leisure outside their own countries each year, the mind is shocked at how much money we spend on souvenirs to  us of our adventures.
        It starts at the airport duty free stores,  on the plane, and ramps up（增加）at the hotel surrounded by gift  and at the crowded local markets and landmarks. If we’re very , it persists on the special bus tours that take us round town and end up at a discount store  by the driver’s cousin.
        So why do we all get the  to snap up foreign items on holiday? And is it  to ensure those never-to-be-repeated purchases are worth every dollar or euro? To  what’s going on, I asked family, friends and work colleagues to unpack their gift stories.
        Whether it’s the spare time a vacation  us to browse（浏览）shops for non-essentials, or the exciting atmosphere of a new location, or the aching need to have  we’ve been away, there are common themes to our holiday buying. We’d better keep in mind some rules next time we venture from home.

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    Your job offer will not be canceled during a salary negotiation as long as you remain realistic, polite and respectful.
    You may not feel very powerful before you'vea job offer to accept a position. After all, you aren't even working at the company yet. But theis that you have the greatest negotiating power during that short period of time between being offered a job and formally agreeing toit.
    Think about it: The hiring manager has already let you know she wants toyou. The team have invested time and resources in the interview process and they'reto seal the deal and put you to work. This is thetime to talk about salary.
    Gulp. This is the hard. Actually, dealing with salary negotiation makes many people so uncomfortable that theyaccepting the first number offered without countering. This is a mistake, employers generally expect some negotiation in the hiring process and havethat into their offer by initially pitching a number that isthan they can ultimately go.
    So how do you go about negotiating a salary thatwhat you're worth? The first step is to arm yourself with some market data on average salaries for your position, that certain parts of the country pay more than others.
    Next, consider your own level of experience andabilities that you bring to the negotiating table——it's possible that as avalued candidate, you can get even more than the market average.
    Finally, build in a small cushion of cash that goes slightly above the actual number you want, so that if they offer less than you ask for, you'll still be happy with the results.

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        Hibernation （冬眠）is a way for some animals to deal with the harshness of winter. They seek out a place where they will be protected from the weather and stay  the winter is over. During hibernation animals curl up and  breathe, seeming almost dead. Their heart rate and blood pressure are greatly  , and their body temperature hovers near the freezing . When the weather turns warmer, the animals come out of this state and return to activities.
        Hibernators try to find dark, quiet, safe winter homes where they will not be . They may make a den more by filling it with grass, hair and other materials. In , many animals that normally hibernate may have to stay active during the winter because of noise and .
        Before winter comes, hibernators spend much of their time eating to  more body fat. This extra fat keeps them  during the months when they do not eat. A hibernator’s body is sensitive  weather conditions. At different points during hibernation, these animals will increase their body temperature, move around, eat and then  to hibernating. An animal that does not do this may freeze to death. Similarly, animals respond to warmer temperatures as a  to come out of hibernation. It may take an hour or more for a hibernator to reach an alert state.
        The knowledge on hibernation has been used on patients  certain types of surgery. It may be possible that hibernation could also someday help space travelers by decreasing their need for oxygen and food.

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    Writing is a system of human communication by means of visual symbols or signs. The earliest stages of writingalmost from the dawn of humanity.

    Counting devices have been used in all parts of the world. Such devicessticks, pebbles, clay tokens, and strings. For example, a shepherd could record thenumber of sheep in his flock by cutting one notch (刻痕) in a stick for each sheep. He could also keep pebbles of about the sameor shape in order to represent the different kinds of animals in his.

    Rock drawings conveyed a clearer meaning, but were not so useful for counting. A simple rock drawing shows a mountain goat and a mana horse. The mountain goat stands on all fours, but the horse and rider are upside down. The designa horseman that a mountain goat can climb thetrail, but that his horse cannot.

    Ideographs (象形文字) express an ideaany clear connection with any language. For example, a picture of a smiling face represents happiness. Any person can understand the idea of such a drawing, no matterhe or she speaks the language of the person who drew it. This way of expressing ideas, not necessarily, is called ideography. Pictures drawn for ideas differ only slightly from pictures drawn for artistic. Communication pictures are simplified and stereotyped, and they have nothat are not needed as part of the communication.

    Human beings took the decisivein developing real writing when they learned to express ideas indirectly. They did this by usingthat stood for the words in their language, not the ideas the words stood for. This kind of writing is called logography.

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    The search for buried treasure has been a traditional quest. It was a(n)of pirate gold that lured Jim Hawkins in Robert Louis Stevenson's novel Treasure Island. It was a real lifeof gold and artifacts for archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922, when he found the tomb of Egypt's King Tutankhamen. Today the more likely search is for the gold, silver, jewels, and other wealthto the bottom of the seas in shipwrecks. So great is the treasure resting at the bottom of the seasmany adventurers explore the oceans every year, the most advanced technology—sonar equipment, small submarines and undersea robots.

    There are records of more than 8000having sunk off the east coast of the Americasan uncounted number in the Pacific. Perhaps the most famous of these was the Titanic, the luxury ocean liner thatan iceberg and sank in 1912. The wreck of the Titanic was found in September 1985, salvaging (打捞) it is a very difficult prospect, as it was founda depth of 13000 feet.

    Treasure hunting ismining for gold, silver, and other precious minerals. Mining is a search for. Treasure hunting is a search for actual wealth, the processed commoditiesgold and silver bars, coins, and jewelry. Government policy regarding theof treasure varies from nation to nation. United States courts have normallyfound treasure to the finder. In Great Britain it belongs to the government.