概括段落大意和补全句子：阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的二项测试任务：(1) 从第1~5题后所给的六个选项中为第①~⑤段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)从第6~10题后所给的六个选项中选择五个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。

概括段落大意和补全句子：阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的二项测试任务：(1) 从第1~5题后所给的六个选项中为第①~⑤段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)从第6~10题后所给的六个选项中选择五个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。

槪括段落大意和补全句子：阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的2项测试任务：（1）从第1〜5题后所给的6个 选项中为第①~⑤段每段选择1个正确的小标题；（2）从第6〜10题后所给的6个选项中选择5个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。

①There are two groups of people who live in the rain forests of Africa—Bantu villagers and Pygmy hunters. The two groups have very different ways of life. But they have learned to survive in the rain forest by depending on each other.
 ②The Pygmies live as hunters in the rain forest. They live in large groups of families and hunt with nets. The men go to an area where they know there are animals. They hold up nets and the women and children spread out and drive the animals into the nets. 

 ③Hunting is a full-time job for the Pygmies，so they cannot always stay in villages. But over the years, the Pygmies have learned to enjoy some of the luxuries (奢侈品）of village life. Their forest foods of meat, fruity and nuts are enough for them. But they also enjoy some village foods—like rice, beans, peanuts and vegetables. They also need some metal tools that are made by the villagers.

 ④The villagers are Bantus. They stay in the clearings（空地）in the rain forests. The Bantus cannot keep cattle in the rain forest. There is not enough room for the cattle to feed. So the Bantus are given meat by the Pygmies. To the Bantus the rain forest is a dangerous place. But to the Pygmies it is familiar. So the Pygmies fetch firewood and guard the village fields from wild animals.

 ⑤The Bantus must work very hard to clear their fields. Once they are cleared, the villagers must fight continually to keep the rain forest from taking over again. The soil of the rain forest is so poor that the farm crops soon wear it out. Then the villagers must give the land back to the forest after a few years' farming and clear more.

概括段落大意和补全句子：阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的二项测试任务：(1) 从第1~5题后所给的六个选项中为第①~⑤段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)从第6~10题后所给的六个选项中选择五个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。

阅读选择：阅读下面短文,请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳选项。 

阅读下面短文，请从短文后各题所给的4个选项（A、B、C、D）中选择一个最佳答案 。
     As a communication skills trainer, I've met a wide range of people. Some people have trouble associating with others and have difficulty making friends. So I would like to discuss two key points to making good friends. The first is to show respect and love for your friends through your words. Try to say things to others that would feel good to you if you heard them. For example, say things like, “Thanks for the great time" and "It was really nice to get to know you". If you are not good at speaking, then smiling and using body language to express your sincerity is also an effective way to communicate. Additionally, I recommend that when you meet someone new, send them an e-mail or letter before the day is over to express how nice it was to have met them.
     The goal of good communication is to reach another person's heart and form a comfortable relationship. It is, therefore, based on the premise that you get rid of your worries and become a bright and positive person. When there is static noise over the phone line, you can't hear the other person clearly, right? In the same way, when your mind is full of worries and you try to communicate with another person, you cannot give or receive messages accurately. For example, let's say you are still tied to a past wound of being betrayed by a friend and feeling hurt. Even if you meet someone new and he or she tells you, " Let's be good friends," you may not be able to accept it because you will hear a negative inner voice saying something like "I might be betrayed again" or "The person might have a hidden agenda". With this worry in your mind, you will not be able to make friends.
     If you can be refreshed and get rid of your worries , you should be able to sense others' thoughts and feelings without prejudice and build a relationship of trust. If you really can't let go of your painful past experience, then try to change your perspective on the experience. For example, try to think that it was a necessary lesson for you to understand others' pain. If you can think of the positive intention behind the event, then you will be able to view the experience favorably and feel better.

Reading Comprehension 
从下列每篇短文的问题后所给的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。
     Protagoras was a great teacher of ancient Athens. He taught many subjects, including the laws of argument and the use of language. A young man named Evalthus admired him very much and asked him to be his teacher, but he did not want to pay for his lessons at once. After some discussion, however, they agreed that Evalthus should pay only if he won his first case in the law courts. For if he won, he had been taught well.
     The lessons began and Evalthus proved himself to be a clever student. A time carne when he had reached the end of his studies, but he refused to pay Protagoras anything whatever.
      Protagoras took Evalthus to court and said to the judges, "Whatever you decide, I must be paid. For if you decide in my favor, then I win the case, and so I must be paid. But if you decide against me, then Evalthus has won his first case in the law courts; therefore, according to our agreement, he must pay me for his lessons. So, I must get my money whatever happens.
     After considering this argument, the Athenian judges found no fault in it. But they asked Evalthus to reply.
     "It is quite clear, said Evaltaus, "I must not pay. For either the judges will decide in my favor, or they will decide against me. If they decide in my favor, then I have won the case, and I must not pay. But if Protagoras wins, then I have lost my first case in the law courts. Therefore, according to our agreement, I do not have to pay him for the lessons. So I need not pay in any event."
     As both these arguments appeared to be faultless the judges were unable to come to a decision. They therefore ordered the two men to appear before them again a hundred years later.

Reading Comprehension 
从下列每篇短文的问题后所给的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。
     Inexperienced teachers frequently over-prepare. They write out all their comprehension questions in advance, and plan in detail how long they expect each activity to take. However, such a detailed lesson plan can be the cause of a disastrous lecture.
     If the teacher depends too much on a lesson plan and keeps looking at it, his lecture will undoubtedly be dull. A plan is indeed helpful, but it should be a general framework only. There must always be opportunities for students to ask unexpected questions. And the teacher should constantly look for opportunities to turn the students' interest and difficulties to advantage. It is no good sticking to a plan for the sake of a plan. A plan is supposed to help the students. If it does not serve the purpose, it should be ignored.
     There is no harm in working out a lesson plan so long as you reduce it to a single page of clearly written headings. Once in the classroom, you should put your notes somewhere you can easily see. If you want to look at them, do not attempt to keep them secret. It is best simply to say "Excuse me a moment, I want to look at my notes." Students expect you to be prepared, so there is no need to make secret of your preparations. Lesson notes do help, provided they are simple and brief.

阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出一个最佳选项。

     The science teacher, Mr. Litmus, had asked his students to study some particular animal. They would write a short report, and tell the rest of the class their conclusions. Some talked about dogs, others about horses, some chose fish. But the most interesting discovery of all was made by little Sophie.
     "I found that flies are terribly grumpy," she said, very sure of herself.
     Everyone smiled, waiting for her to continue. Then Sophie explained: "I spent hours in my house, watching flies. When they flew normally, everything was OK, but when they found a window they would really start buzzing. I had always thought they made that noise with their wings, but they don't. With my daddy's binoculars (望远镜) I inspected the flies really closely, and saw that what they were really doing was shouting and protesting. They were so wildly mad that they couldn't fly out of the window, and they would just beat their heads against the glass again and again. If only they had watched the butterfly that passed by, they would have seen that the top of the window was open. The butterfly tried to tell them, but it had no effect at all. The flies just kept on shouting and complaining."
     Mr. Litmus was amused, and explained to the class that form of fly behavior had nothing to do with anger. Instead, it was an example of creatures having different levels of intelligence and awareness. They agreed that the next day they would bring a list of creatures in their order of intelligence.
     And this was what caused a big disturbance in the science class. Many parents had to come and complain, because their children had listed them as among the least intelligent of creatures! This, said the children, was because the parents did nothing but complain, and they never listened to anyone.
     Although Mr. Litmus had to do a lot of explaining, and calm down quite a few parents, it helped some of them realize that, although they weren't stupid, they often behaved not terribly intelligently.

阅读下面短文，请从短文后各题所给的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳选项。
     It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author's names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
     No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it-are making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
     The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers say that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than l. 2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.
     This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open- access publishing, typically supported by asking the author ( or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models existed are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

阅读选择（阅读下面短文,请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳选项。

     On board the Central America, a ship on her way from Havana to New York, were no fewer than 491 passengers. Most of them were miners (矿工) returning with their gold to their homeland. At the start of the voyage, the sky had been cloudless and the wind fair. Three days later, however, the ship was rolling in a storm. 
     Soon water poured in the engine-room and put out the fires. This left the ship helpless, with her engines stopped. In spite of all efforts, the depth of the water down below slowly increased. It became clear to all that nothing could save the ship, and that she would soon go to the sea bottom.

     Just at moment, a strange sight was seen on board. Some of the miners collected their gold and stored it in their belts. They hoped to take it with them wherever they were going. But others knew that the ship would sink and didn't want to weigh themselves down with the heavy metal. So they threw it onto the floor.
     Unusual courage was shown by nearly all on board. The captain moved about the ship encouraging all.     He sometimes gave orders in attempts to save his ship, and sometimes kept silent, always determined. But all his efforts failed.
     Fortunately, when all hope had gone, another ship, the Marie of Boston, appeared on the scene. The Marie had also suffered heavily in the storm, but her captain immediately arranged to move the people in boats from the Central America to his own ship. The huge waves made the work painfully slow, but there was no disorder: Everyone waited patiently. Finally, all passengers were saved.

阅读选择（阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4 个选项中选出 1 个最佳选项。）

阅读选择：阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳选项。

       When her grandmother's health began to get worse in the fall, Mary would make the drive from Washington,DC to Winchester,Virginia,every few days.
       To make the trip to tlie hospital, Mary had to get on highway 81. It was here that she discovered a surprising bit of beauty during one of her trips. Along the middle of the highway, there were a long stretch of wild flowers. They were beautiful and almost poetic (诗意的)in appearance.
       The first time she saw the flowers, Mary was seized by an urge ( 冲动）to pull over. She then stopped her car and picked a bunch from the soil. She carried them into her grandmother’s room when she arrived at the hospital and placed them in a glass by her bed.
       For a moment her grandmother seemed better than usual. She thanked Mary for the flowers, commented on their beauty and asked where she had gotten them. Mary was filled with joy because of the flowerss seeming ability to wake something up inside her sick grandmother.
       Afterwards, Mary would pick a bunch of flowers on her way to visit grandma. Each time Mary placed the flowers in the glass, her grandmother's eyes would light up, and they would have a splendid conversation.
       One morning in late October, Mary got a call that her grandmother had taken a turn for the worse, Mary was in such a hurry to get to her grandmother that she drove past her flower spot. She decided to turn around. She headed several miles back and got a bunch.
       Mary arrived at the hospital to find her grandmother veiy weak and unresponsive (无应答的）. She placed the flowers in the glass and sat down to hold her grandmother's hand. She felt a press on her fingers. It was the last conversation they had.

阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出一个最佳选项。

     Any simple explanation of great historic events is likely to be wrong, or at least seriously misleading. That is certainly true when one tries to explain the rise of America to world power. But no account of this event can ever be complete unless we recognize that America's economic and political strength rests on solid geographic foundations. Geography alone cannot explain the American success story, of course. If different groups of people had settled in America — people with ions and values and memories — the story surely would out differently. But certain things seem obvious.
     America's wealth of resources certainly made settling in the country easier than it would otherwise have been. And the large variety of geographic environments guaranteed that Americans would find both opportunities and challenges that would be denied to people in less favored parts of the earth. If the country's riches rewarded luck and hard work, its geographic variety rewarded those who were capable of adapting to new circumstances. That same geography punished failure, too. Thus if American history is a story of human success, it is also a story of disappointment. But the very size and the diversity of American territory encouraged optimism（乐观精神）: if one failed in one place, there were always other kinds of places where one might start anew. So it is no accident that the greatest works of American literature such as Moby Dick and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn tell stories not so much of the struggle of Man against Man, or even Man against God — but rather of the struggle of Man against rich and varied and powerful Nature. It is a story that underlies the whole American experience. 

阅读选择：阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出一个最佳选项。

     Darwin's great work, The Origin of Species, is now generally accepted as one of the most important books ever written. But when it first came out in 1859, it was bitterly criticized by scientists and laymen.
     Much of the oppositions to The Origin of Species arose from Darwin's claim that all living creatures, including man, are somehow related. Many people were outraged by the suggestion that man shared a common ancestor with animals such as apes and monkeys. They attacked Darwin for saying that man has descended from the apes. But Darwin never actually said this. He believed that modern men and modern apes have both descended from the same ancestor. But at some time in prehistory, millions of years ago, men and apes began to develop separately, and ever since have continued to take on different characteristics Today, more than 90 years after Darwin's death, this is the opinion which scientists continue to hold.
     In his works, Darwin described the possession of life from its earliest forms.First came the invertebrates — creatures without a backbone The invertebrates evolved into fish; fish into amphibians; amphibians into reptiles, and reptiles into birds and mammals.
     Fossil remains found after his death show that Darwin was right. Perhaps the most amazing fact about his theory is that he managed to work it out with the aid of only a few fossil discoveries. Fossil remains were not the only information which we now possess but Darwin lacked. He did not know that apes have the same diseases as men; nor that they and men have the same kind of blood. Nor did he know about the modern uses of radiation which enable scientists to tell the age of fossil remains and so estimate the speed at which evolution has taken place.
     Lacking all this information, Darwin had to rely on other branches of science. One of them was comparative anatomy（解剖学）: the science which compares the physical make-up of different species. He observed that all vertebrates--amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals — possess forelimbs which are basically the same. The limbs may be used for swimming, flying, or walking, but they are all built on the same plan. They contain one bone in the upper arm, two bones in the forearm, several bones in the wrist, and five bones in the hand with finger joints attached.
     Darwin marveled at this similarity between such widely differing species. "What can be more curious," he asked, “the fact that the hand of a man formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of a horse, and the wings of a bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern?" From the extraordinary fact, he drew the correct conclusion that different species share the same characteristics because they are descended from the same ancestor. Then, they took on the separate characteristics which helped them most in the struggle to survive in their own local environments.

阅读选择：阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出一个最佳选项。

     Electronic waste, also called e-waste, has become an issue of serious concern to environmentalists as a growing number of electronic items are discarded in landfills (垃圾填埋场) every year. Many consumers are not aware that electronics like computers and cell phones actually contain toxins that can enter the soil and damage the environment.
     Several nations have passed laws about e-waste to try and keep it out of landfills, or in landfills which are equipped to handle toxic materials. The heavy metals in e-waste pose serious environmental and health risks. While many consumers are trained to think of things like cathode ray tubes (阴极射线管) as dangerous articles that require special disposal most do not connect cell phones for example, with beryllium, a toxic heavy metal which can cause severe damage to the lungs. In addition to the toxins it contains, e-waste also takes a very long time to biodegrade, which means that it will be taking up landfill space for centuries.
     The question of what to do with e-waste is a serious one. In the first world many companies have begun to take steps to reduce the amount of e-waste they create. Companies which manufacture electronics are starting to take items back when they are no longer useful so that usable elements like copper can be safely removed and the rest of the electronics can be safely disposed of. However, a large portion of unwanted electronics in the first world is being shipped to the third world.
     Sometimes this e-waste is shipped under the cover of humanitarian (人道主义的) reasons, arguing that old technology can still help bridge the gap between first and third world. Slow computers which are not wanted in the United States, for example, might make a big difference to someone living in Africa. However, much of this equipment actually arrives in an unusable and broken state, and people desperate for money try to harvest usable materials such as valuable metals from donated equipment. Unfortunately, most of these individuals lack training in how to handle the dangerous materials used in electronics manufacture, and expose themselves and their communities to toxic chemicals and metals.

阅读选择：阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出一个最佳选项。

     A federal judge sentenced Bruce Jones to 12 years in federal prison for fraud. Over a 10-year period, Jones had managed to swindle almost S10 million from thousands of gullible (易上当的) people throughout the state.
     He advertised his fantastic ideas on TV. "For some reason," Jones said, "TV seems to break the ice. Even though you are a total stranger to the viewer, once he sees you on TV in his home, he feels like he knows you. You enter his living room and become a trusted friend."
     Jones had an imagination that wouldn't quit. One time he showed viewers an "official government" earthquake report which "proved" that the western half of California would collapse into the sea within three years. For $100, he said, Jones would insure your house and property for full value. Thousands of people who saw that TV ad sent him a hundred dollars each.
     In another TV ad, Jones claimed that he had negotiated with the federal and state governments for exclusive air rights. He told viewers that, for only $100, they could own the first 10 miles above all their property. You would be able to charge any commercial plane that flew over your property $100 per crossing. You would also be able to charge government rockets, satellites, space shuttles, and space stations $100 for breaking your air rights every time.
     Another time, Jones claimed to have invented a product that gets rid of calories. He showed the viewers a spray can of "NoCal." He said that by simply spraying NoCal on your food, a chemical interaction would cause all the calories in the food to simply evaporate within about 10 seconds. The NoCal was only $10 a can. As usual, Jones received thousands of checks in the mail.
     The judge told Jones that he should be ashamed of himself. Jones responded that he was very ashamed of himself, and that when he got out of prison, he hoped to become a TV consultant to help people avoid getting deceived. He told the judge that he was already developing an instructional CD that, for merely $100, would save people thousands of dollars in deceits. The judge nodded, and then changed Jones' sentence from 10 years to 12 years.

阅读选择：阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出一个最佳选项。

     With technological advances, the first half of the twentieth century saw a movement of workers away from agricultural to industrial production. The second half saw a movement from industrial production to services. So far, technological advances have not reduced our need for service workers. But what would happen if advances in artificial intelligence (AI) should greatly increase the productivity of service workers, as suggested by the following scene?
     Andrea calls the doctor's office with a medical concern. The doctor's automated telephone system, in a friendly and personal voice, asks her a series of questions. Based on Andrea's answers and in consultation with her insurer's claim system, the doctor's system directs her to a neighborhood lab for tests. At the lab, another automated system performs the prescribed tests, makes a diagnosis, and provides the appropriate medication, all while in contact with Andrea's insurer. As the service is completed, the insurer pays the cost of the service. Andrea signs for any co-payment, to be paid automatically from her bank account. Heading home, Andrea was happily spared from long waits and a hurried contact with the doctor.
     To anticipate the realization of such a scene and its timing, we should watch the industries with the most potential for early application of AI. These would be where services are already provided at a distance (airline reservations were an early example). Once widespread in these industries, AI will have built the necessary level of trust and acceptance to move into more and more service industries.
     The critical issue now is that such changes could lead to considerable reduction in service jobs at a time when people will want to (or need to) work longer. Services in the first half of the twenty-first century might thus resemble manufacturing in the second half of the twentieth century, with considerable unemployment and significant incentives（诱因） for early retirement. If we are to minimize the panic, we need first to see it coming. 

阅读选择：阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出一个最佳选项。
     It happened again the other night. We’re watching the weather report on television. A generic-looking (相貌平平) man in a generic-looking suit slides back and forth before a map of the region, telling us we have nothing to worry about. Only a slight chance of an isolated thunderstorm after midnight. It’s 6:30 p.m. He smiles, tells us to have a great evening and fades away to sports. Less than an hour later, it’s pouring. And I mean pouring. Sheets-of-rain-down-the-windowpanes pouring. It remains one of life’s little mysteries to me how such well-intentioned and well-trained people using such high-tech equipment can be so wrong, and so often.
     I’ve often said that if I made that many mistakes in front of so many people, I’d have been out of job 35 years ago. I grew up on the windswept (受大风侵袭的) plains of western New York State. When the man on the Buffalo station said it was going to snow, it snowed. It never failed.
     This was October, usually around Halloween (万圣节). He then predicted snow for the next six months, and he was never wrong. November. December. January. February. March. April. Snow. Even as a kid, I figured out this wasn’t rocket science. But at least he was always accurate. He had no equipment, no red or blue or green spots floating across his map. In fact, I’ll not sure I remember a map. In those days, we all knew where we were. No map was required. He got most of his forecast tips, I suspect, from his bones and how they felt.
     I have my simple theories why weather reporting is so inaccurate. Weather reporters rarely go outside. Nor can they see outside. Most of them work in windowless buildings.