Short Answer Questions: The following 2 questions are based on the following passage. Read the passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly. 

     Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. 
     Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supposing players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation. 
     Education in any society is a minor of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses and the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. 
      “All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children —disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

Short Answer Questions: The following 2 questions are based on the following passage. Read the passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly. 

     A few years ago it was fashionable to speak of a generation gap, a division between young people and their elders. Parents complained that children did not show them proper respect and obedience, while children complained that their parents did not understand them at all. Why did the generation gap suddenly appear? Actually, the generation gap has been around for a long time. Many critics argue that it is built into the fabric of our society.
     One important cause of the generation gap is the opportunity that young people have to choose their own life styles. In more traditional societies, when children grow up, they are expected to live in the same area as their parents, to marry people whom their parents know and approve of, and often to continue the family occupation. In our society, young people often travel great distances for their education, move out of the family home at an early age, marry or live with people whom their parents have never met, and choose occupations different from those of their parents.
     In our upwardly mobile society, parents often expect their children to do better than they did: to find better jobs, to make more money, and to do all the things that they were unable to do. Often, however, the ambitions that parents have for their children are another cause of the division between them. Often, they discover that they have very little in common with each other.
     Finally, the speed at which changes take place in our society is another cause of the gap between the generations. In traditional culture, elderly people are valued for their wisdom, but in our society the knowledge of a lifetime may become obsolete overnight. The young and the old seem to live in two very different worlds, separated by different skills and abilities. No doubt, the generation gap will continue to be a feature of American life for some time to come. Its causes are rooted in the freedoms and opportunities of our society, and in the rapid pace at which society changes.

Short Answer Questions: The following 2 questions are based on the following passage. Read the passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly. 

     A number of different aspects of life can influence mental health. In a mid-1970s study of people living in the United States, researchers identified critical areas that influence one’s mental health. These areas are working life, family life, and the social role that one occupies in the community. Negative experiences in these areas, such as an unreasonable boss or a turbulent family life, can reduce one’s overall sense of well-being. 

     Another important influence on mental health is stress. In general, people experience stress when the demands placed on them exceed the resources they have available to meet those demands. Significant sources of stress include major life events, such as divorce, death of a spouse, loss of a job, and illness in the family. These events can overwhelm a person’s ability to cope and function effectively. In addition, one source of stress may lead to another, as when financial hardship follows job loss. People who experience unusually traumatic events, such as rape and natural disasters, may develop post-traumatic stress disorder. 
     People may experience chronic stress when confronted with a continuing set of demands that reduce their ability to function. Examples of such demands include working long hours under difficult circumstances and caring for a chronically ill relative. Economic hardship, unemployment, and poverty can also produce chronic stress and undermine mental health. 
     Some studies suggest that genetic factors may partly determine one’s level of happiness and mental health. People seem to display a characteristic level of well-being, with some people usually feeling happy and others typically feeling sad or unhappy. Researchers have found that although people’s moods change in response to both positive and negative events, the effect wears off over time. For example, people who win the lottery or receive an unexpected promotion may feel happier at first, but over time they return to their former characteristic level of mental health. Research suggests that one’s genetic background—that is, the genes inherited from one’s parents—explains more than half of the differences in people’s characteristic mood levels. Genes may also partly determine the range of ups and downs that people feel, including whether people have large mood swings or remain stable from day to day.

​SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
The following questions are based on the following passage. Read the passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly by referring back to Passage 4. 

     Substantial research suggests that, given the existing health tendency and health condition of an individual at a particular time, the probability of better or worse future health of spouses is affected by a variety of social factors that are subject to influence of his or her spouse. 

     There are many ways in which spouses can influence each other's probability of good health. Spouses can promote each other’s health by alleviating psychological stress. A substantial literature provides strong evidence that psychological stress causes illness, increases mortality risk, and is an important mechanism that links socio-economic characteristics to health and mortality. Stress-reducing mechanisms include removal of sources of stress, and management of stress through confidential conversation, psychiatric treatment （精神治疗）, physical exercise, recreation and other means. A spouse can provide or encourage all of these stress-reducing behaviors. 

     Spouses can also promote each other’s health by providing supportive social contacts, and they can facilitate or inhibit each other's social contact with supportive others. Evidence suggests that health is greatly advanced by supportive social contacts, including positive interaction with relatives, friends, co-workers and acquaintances. Recent data show that persons with more diverse social networks are more resistant to diseases than those with less diverse social networks. 

     Spouses can also promote each other’s health by providing each other with money income, and they can help each other manage it effectively. Money does not buy health directly, but it can be used to purchase goods and services that make good health possible. These goods and services include nutritious food, a hygienic （卫生的）and safe environment, medical care, and facilities that reduce psychological stress. Unless estranged（分居的）or unusually wealthy, spouses share their financial resources and consume these health-promoting goods and services. 

Short Answer Questions

The following 2 questions are based on the following passage. Read the passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly. 

     Eugenics（优生学）could be found everywhere in the U. S. in the 1920s. It influenced American politics, social sciences and medicine. It shaped public policy, aesthetic theory and literature, and affected popular culture. Eugenic thinking was so popular in the modern era that it attained the status of common sense. From the beginning of eugenics in the late-nineteenth-century England to its peak in the U. S. during the postwar years of the late 1910s and 1920s, few challenged the notion that modern nations, especially those troubled by immigration, must improve their population in order to remain competitive in the modern world. 

     Scholars have recently begun to acknowledge the profound influence of eugenic thought on modern white American and British writers, yet it remains unknown to most of them that some versions of eugenics also appeared in the writings of modern African American intellectuals, including not only Du Bois and Dunbar-Nelson but also Jean Toomer, George Schuyler, and E. Franklin Frazier. In the end, there were not nearly as many refutations of eugenics in modern U. S. as there were competing versions of it. As Zygmunt Bauman has argued, the ideal of weeding out defective individuals and races deeply affected the U. S. and remained arguably the most outstanding feature of its collective spirit.
     Eugenics in some form shows up in various writings between 1890 and 1940. It was so widespread that it serves as an ideal perspective for examining often ignored aspects in American public policy, class politics, racial politics, literature, and even Harlem Renaissance. Indeed, in the U. S. of the 1910s and 1920s, eugenics became so widely accepted that it might be considered the guiding principle of modern American discourse（话语）.
     There were a number of reasons for this particular success of eugenics in the U. S. First, it was a combination of scientism and progress that appealed to a wide variety of modern American intellectuals. Second, the U. S. 's particular historical circumstances in the early twentieth century——including widespread immigration, a shift to an urban industrial economy, and the country's emergence as a dominant global power—help further explain the rise of an ideology that promised to increase national competitiveness and efficiency. Finally, Americans accepted eugenics because it provided them with a theory that supported racism around the turn of the twentieth century.

Short Answer Questions

The following 2 questions are based on the following passage. Read the passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly. 

     As those people on board the Mayflower settled on the Atlantic coast in 1620, they did not have to wait for roads to be built to receive passengers and produce from the other parts of the world or to send out their produce in exchange. Safe harbors-Boston, New York, Savannah-open on ready-made highways to the whole world. The spacious holds of ships that brought settlers could sent out furs and corn and rise and to bacco. An elegant London-made coach could be delivered directly to Geroge Washington’s dock at Mount Vernon on the Potomac River. 

     The English who settled the thirteen American colonies were not the first Europeans to start colonies in America. Adventures from Spain and Portugal, France and the Netherlands along with others, had long been competing for treasures of faraway places. A century before the Puritans come to New England, the bold Hernando Cortes, with only two hundred men conquered the armed hordes of the Aztec empire. In two years（1519-1521） he had made Mexico a colony of Spain. Ten years later, Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish who enjoyed adventures and sword-fighting but could not even write his name, overcome the grand Inca empire and added Peru to the realm of Spanish king.
     These Spanish conquerors were as ruthless and as courageous as any who could ever set foot on the Americas. They aimed “to convert the Indians to Christianity” and brought fairs to help them. But they were better at robbing than converting. They lived and died for gold and glory. They had no desire to settle down with their families as hardworking farmers.
     In 1620, when the sober William Bradford and the prudent John Winthrop came to New England, they had another idea. They came not for gold and glory but to build homes for themselves, their children, and their grand children. They aimed to make a city upon a hill for all the world to admire. Their was not a violent adventure of conquest but a long-lasting tale of building. They were a bit kinder to the Indians than the Spanish conquerors had been. One of them, John Eliot, set a friendly example and even translated the Bible into the Algonquian Indian language. The Indians in new England were few in number and had no riches of gold or silver to tempt the new comers. But they had much to teach the colonies how to survive in the wilderness, how to hunt and what would grow. The English colonies planted themselves and put down roots in the New world.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

The following 2 questions are based on Passage below. Read the passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly by referring back to the Passage.

     Regular interaction or familiarity seems to increase liking; often, the people we interact with the most are simply those who are closest to us. A classic study by Festinger found that residents of an apartment complex tended to interact with, and like those who happened to live on the same floor more than those who lived on other floors or in other buildings. The researcher did not analyze this phenomenon in terms of the development of in-group versus out-group perceptions and biases, but such an analysis might prove interesting. Likewise, when classroom seating is alphabetical (依字母顺序的), students are more likely to be friends with people who share the same initial. 

     There are two major explanations for the relation between proximity (接近) and liking. The first is simple availability. If most people are nice and easy enough to approach, it follows that proximity will determine who you get to know and, therefore, like. The second explanation is based on the mere exposure effect, that is, simple familiarity increases liking for a person or object that is not necessarily likeable. The mere exposure effect has been demonstrated in the laboratory with some meaningless syllables, which people find more pleasing after they have repeated them several times. It seems reasonable to conclude that repeated exposure to people in proximity to us leads us to like them more.

The following questions are based on below passage in this test paper. Read the passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly by referring back to the passage.

     Historical periods are dominated by distinct sets of ideas which form the general spirit of a period in history. Greek philosophy, Christianity, Renaissance thought, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment are examples of sets of ideas that dominated their historical periods. The changes from one period to the next are usually rather gradual; other changes—more abrupt—are often referred to as revolutions. The most far-reaching of all these intellectual changes was the Darwinian revolution. The worldview formed by any thinking person in the Western world after 1859, when On the Origin of Species was published, was by necessity quite different from a worldview formed before 1859. It is almost impossible for a modern person to project back to the early half of the nineteenth century and reconstruct the thinking of this pre-Darwinian period, for the impact of Darwinism on our views has been so great.
     The intellectual revolution brought about by Darwin went far beyond the realm of biology, causing the overthrow of some of the most basic beliefs of his age. For example, Darwin rejected the belief in the individual creation of each species, establishing in its place the concept that all of life descended from a common ancestor. By extension, he introduced the idea that humans were not the special products of creation but evolved according to principles that operate everywhere else in the living world. Darwin upset current notions of a perfectly designed natural and gentle world and substituted in their place the concept of a struggle for survival. Victorian notions of progress and perfectibility were seriously weakened by Darwin's demonstration that evolution brings about change and adaptation, but it does not necessarily lead to progress, and it never leads to perfection.
     Darwin would be remembered as an outstanding scientist even if he had never written a word about evolution. Indeed, some people believe that Darwin’s most original contribution to biology was not the theory of evolution but his series of books on experimental botany published near the end of his life. This achievement is little known among non-biologists, and the same is true for his equally outstanding work on the adaptation of flowers and on animal psychology, as well as his imaginative work on earthworms. Darwin also attacked important problems with extraordinary originality, thereby becoming the founder of several now well-recognized separate disciplines. Darwin was the first person to work out a sound theory of classification, which is still used by most experts today.

Short Answer Questions

The following 2 questions are based on the following passage. Read the passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly.       

     The teenage years of an individual is marked by evaluating one’s values, experiencing a shift in outlooks, and a tendency to act rebelliously. It can also be a time when someone becomes excessively vulnerable to negative influences and inclined towards dangerous situations. On the other hand, for parents the period of their children’s adolescence means regular worrying about their safety and formation as a citizen. Thus, a method of ensuring teenagers' security is needed, and curfews are often seen as such a measure, since they have proved their efficiency. At the same time, certain peculiarities exist about establishing curfews for children. 

     The first and foremost reason for establishing curfews is children's security. Typical curfews require that teenagers under 17 years stay out of streets starting from 11pm or midnight. This is believed to protect them from crimes committed after nightfall, as well as from violating the law, and there exists serious evidence in favor of this conviction. For example, when New Orleans enabled a dusk-till-dawn curfew in 1994, the rates of juvenile（青少年的）crime were reported to fall more than 20 percent. Even more impressive results were recorded in Dallas, which reported a 30 percent decrease in violent juvenile crime, and a 21 percent decrease in the overall rates of crimes committed by young people.
     On the other hand, curfews can be seen as a preventive measure which infringes on（侵害）the rights of young people, limiting their freedom. This thesis is particularly supported by the fact that curfew violations and the respective charges are among the most often committed juvenile crimes in the United States. In addition, there were reports claiming that police arrested more non-white teenagers for curfew violations. All this can cause a teenager to believe that they have crossed a psychological line dividing them as criminals； thus, such teenagers may start to see themselves as outlaws, which can contribute to committing more serious crimes than a curfew offense.
     What is important for a parent to remember when establishing a curfew for their kids is that a teenager's misjudged perception of certain rules may cause them to react differently, or misbehave in some other way； this is proved by research conducted by the University of Minnesota, according to which teens tend to react angrily against what they see as unfair. Considering this, parents should avoid the authoritarian（独断专行的）style of establishing curfews; instead, they should have a conversation with their teenager that would be aimed at finding best conditions for a curfew that would satisfy both sides. Also, flexible curfews with teens' interests in mind tend to be more effective than rigid agreements.

Short Answer Questions: The following 2 questions are based on the following passage. Read the passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly. 

     In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain. The pattern of sharing in tasks and in decisions makes for equality and this in turn leads to further sharing. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation rather than by the "battle of the sexes".
     If the process goes too far and man's role is regarded as less important—and that has happened in some cases—we are as badly off as before, only in reverse. It is time to reassess the role of the man in the American family. We are getting a little tired of "Momism" — but we don’t want to exchange it for a "neo-Popism". What we need, rather, is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals. There are signs that psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit nor the blame. We have almost given up saying that a woman's place is in the home. We are beginning, however, to analyze man's place in the home and to insist that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child. The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems. Excessive authoritarianism（命令主义) has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent (相关的，中肯的) not only to healthy democracy, but also to a healthy family.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

​(deep) When people came to the airport to see him off, he spoke with great of feeling about how kind they had been to him.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(intense) After many hours of surgery and weeks ofcare, Jerry was released from the hospital with fragments of the bullets still in his body.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(vary) I was impressed by the actors’  ways of dealing with death: sadness, humors, silence, etc.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(attention) He was talkative, but since he seemed inclined to talk about me. I was prepared to be an listener.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(accurate) Computers are used to perform a wide variety of activities with reliability, , and speed.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

​(universe) Canadians enjoy an advanced, efficient health care system that is available to all citizens and landed immigrants (immigrants who are allowed permanent residence in the country)regardless of their location, income, or social standing.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(suggest) They will need specific  for problems such as speech defects or backwardness in learning to walk or control of bodily functions.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(attend) Full-time school is now compulsory for all children from 6 to 18 years old.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

​(practice) Ideally, an animal should be studied in its natural habitat, but often this is not possible.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

​(danger) Believe it or not, there can be no doubt whatsoever that smoking your health.