WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

​​(earth) Researchers have documents indicating her responsibilitity for the forced adoption of children.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(courage) We areto learn that you will be making such a generous donation to our company.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

（fail）Three quarters of people with severe heart  will not beyond five years. 

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(primary) The World Wide web is a system of information resources accessed through the Internet.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(fortunate) The life guard on duty was walking on the beach that bay, but he didn't notice the woman who was drowning.

​WORD FORMATION 

Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(lonely) Feelings of is certainly one of those tough things many students studying abroad have to cope with.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(break) Hitler’s  promises included an attack on Poland, which Britain and France were bound by treaty to defend.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

​(increase) A new form of entertainment known as“Couch Potatoes”is the result of three important facts of baby-boom life: marriage, children and home video.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(mystery) No one knows where he comes from. There is somethingabout his family background.

WORD FORMATION
Complete the following sentence with the proper form of the word in the bracket.

(construction) The old professor made a number of very suggestions concerning soil conservation in the area.

CAREFUL READING
Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and choose the corresponding letter.

     When Christopher Columbus landed in the New World, the North American continent was an area of astonishing ethnic and cultural diversity. North of the Rio Grande, which now marks the border between the United States and Mexico, has a population of over 12 million people representing approximately 400 distinct cultures, 500 languages, and a remarkable variety of political and religious institutions and physical and ethnic types. Compared to the Europeans, the Indian peoples were extraordinarily heterogeneous, and they often viewed the Europeans as just another tribe.
     These varied tribal cultures were as diversified as the land the Indians inhabited. In the high plains of the Dakotas, the Mandan developed a peaceful communal society centered around agriculture. Only a few hundred miles away, however, in northwestern Montana, the Blackfeet turned from agriculture and began to use horses, which had been introduced by the Spaniards. As skilled riders, they became hunters and fighters and developed a fierce and aggressive culture centered around the buffalo. In the eastern woodlands surrounding the Great Lakes, the Potawatomis were expert fishermen, canoe builders, and hunters. In the Northeast, the six Iroquois nations were among the most politically sophisticated people in the world, forming the famed Iroquois Confederation, which included the Senecas and the Mohawks. This confederation, with its system of checks and balances, provided a model for the United States Constitution.

CAREFUL READING
Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and choose the corresponding letter. 

     There is a difference between science and technology. Science is a method of answering theoretical questions; technology is a method of solving practical problems. Science has to do with discovering the facts and relationships between observable phenomena in nature and with establishing theories that serve to organize these facts and relationships; technology has to do with tools, techniques, and procedures for implementing the findings of science.
     Another distinction between science and technology has to do with the progress in each.
     Progress in science excludes the human factor. Scientists, who seek to comprehend the universe and know the truth within the highest degree of accuracy and certainty, cannot pay attention to their own or other people's likes or dislikes or to popular ideas about the fitness of things. What scientists discover may shock or anger people—as did Darwin's theory of evolution. But even an unpleasant truth is more than likely to be useful; besides, we have the choice of refusing to believe it! But hardly so with technology; we do not have the choice of refusing to hear the sonic boom produced by a supersonic aircraft flying overhead; we do not have the option of refusing to breathe polluted air; and we do not have the option of living in a non-atomic age. Unlike science progress, technology must be measured in terms of the human factor. The legitimate purpose of technology is to serve people in general, not merely some people; and future generations, not merely those who presently wish to gain advantage for themselves. Technology must be humanistic (人道主义的) if it is to lead to a better world.

CAREFUL READING
Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and choose the corresponding letter.

     Central Park, emerging from a period of abuse and neglect, remains one of the most popular attractions in New York City, with half a million out-of-towners among the more than 3 million people who visit the park yearly. About 15 million individual visits are made each year.
     Summer is the season for softball, concerts and Shakespeare; fall is sunning; winter is wonderful for sledding, skating and skiing; and springtime is the loveliest of all. It was all planned that way.
     About 130 years ago Frederic Olmsted and his collaborator Calvert Vaux submitted their landscaping plan for a rectangular parcel two miles north of the town's center. The barren swamp was reported as “a spot where miasmic (瘴气的) odors pollute every breath of air." It took 16 years for workers with pickaxe and shovels to move 5 million cubic feet of earth and rock, and to plant half a million trees and shrubs, making a tribute to nature—a romantic 19th-century perception of nature.
     What exists today is essentially Olmsted and Vaux's plan, with more trees, buildings and roads. Landscape architects still speak reverently of Olmsted's genius and foresight, and the sensitive visitor can see the effects he sought.

CAREFUL READING
Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and choose the corresponding letter.

     By 1970, according to a World Wildlife Fund report, only about 4,500 tigers survived throughout the world—half of them in India. Mr. Foresters, who followed and counted tiger footprints, estimated that in May 1972 only about 1,800 tigers existed in India. Project Tiger supported by W. W. F. was immediately launched. Nine tiger reserves were created, with armed guards protecting them.
     The project provided opportunities for researchers from India and abroad to study tigers in the reserves and gather previously unavailable information about their habits. Studies show that a male tiger may control a hunting territory of between 10 and 20 sq. kilometers, depending on its age, size and strength. The territory of a male includes the smaller territories of three or four tigresses. A tiger marks the boundaries of its territory by spraying urine and other bodily liquids on bushes. But it tries to avoid territorial fights, being guided by the distinctive body smell of other tigers. Tigers fight to death only when a tigress is defending her young baby, or when a tiger is guarding a tigress from the attention of other males.
     The popular image of the tiger is that of a merciless and unconquerable hunter. But studies show that it catches only one of 20 victims it tries to attack.
     Fears have recently developed that Project Tiger has been too successful. It has enabled the tiger population to double (by mid-80s) but India's human population has also grown out of control. Currently it is 750 million and likely to be 900 million by the end of the century. Land problem is becoming serious and many rural people feel bitter about the fact that some rich forests are reserved for tigers. A growing number of attacks by tigers on man have added to the hostility.

CAREFUL READING
Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and choose the corresponding letter.

     Since the Second World War, there has been an obvious trend, especially among the growing group of college students, toward early marriage. Many youths begin dating in the first stages of adolescence, “go steady” through high school, and marry before their formal education has been completed. In some quarters, there is much shaking of graying heads over the ways of rebellious youth. However, emotional maturity does not grow with age; it does not arrive automatically at twenty-one or twenty-five. Some achieve it surprisingly early, while others never do, even in three-score years and ten.
     Many students are marrying as an escape, not only from an unsatisfying home life, but also from their own personal problems of isolation and loneliness. However, any marriage entered into as an escape cannot prove entirely successful. The sad fact is that marriage seldom solves one’s problems; more often, it merely worsens them. Furthermore, it is doubtful whether the home is capable of carrying all that the young are seeking to put into it; one might say that they are abandoning one idol only to worship another. Young people correctly understand that their parents are wrong in believing that success is the ultimate good, but they themselves are wrong in believing that they have found the true center of life’s meaning. Their expectations of marriage are essentially unrealistic and therefore incapable of fulfillment. They want too much, and tragic disillusionment is often bound to follow.
     Shall we, then, join the chorus of those against early marriages? One cannot generalize: all early marriages are not bad any more than all later ones are good. Satisfactory marriages are determined not by how old one is, but by the emotional maturity of the partners. Therefore, each case must be judged on its own merits. If the early marriage is not an escape, if it is entered into with relatively few illusions or false expectations, and if it is economically feasible, why not? Good marriages can be made from sixteen to sixty, and so can bad ones

CAREFUL READING
Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer.

     What does a scientist do when he or she “explains”something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior as examples of general laws. For instance, most psychologists would explain a pathologically (病态的；病理的) strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal (perhaps the person was knocked down by an irritated dog) and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response—fear.
     Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simpler phenomena. For example, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membrane (膜) of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals, and interactions between protein molecules (分子) within these cells. A molecular biologist would “explain”these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another.
     The task of physiological psychology is to “explain”behavior in physiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena—including human behavior—are subject to the laws of physics. Thus, the laws of behavior can be reduced to descriptions of physiological processes.
     How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiological psychologists cannot simply be reductionists. It is not enough to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time. Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms. This means that we must understand “psychologically” why a particular behavior occurs before we can understand what physiological events made it occur.

CAREFUL READING
Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and choose the corresponding letter.

     What does a scientist do when he or she “explains”something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior as examples of general laws. For instance, most psychologists would explain a pathologically (病态的;病理的) strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal (perhaps the person was knocked down by an irritated dog) and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response—fear.
     Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simpler phenomena. For example, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membrane (膜) of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals, and interactions between protein molecules (分子) within these cells. A molecular biologist would “explain”these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another.
     The task of physiological psychology is to “explain”behavior in physiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena—including human behavior—are subject to the laws of physics. Thus, the laws of behavior can be reduced to descriptions of physiological processes.
     How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiological psychologists cannot simply be reductionists. It is not enough to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time. Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms. This means that we must understand “psychologically” why a particular behavior occurs before we can understand what physiological events made it occur.

CAREFUL READING
Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and choose the corresponding letter.

     Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between nations and that, if countries play games together, they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sport encourages international brotherhood. Apart from tragic incidents involving the murder of athletes, the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by international contests.
     One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after a hockey final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to the final decision. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents’ victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said: “This wasn’t hockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished.” The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.
     The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won by a single point, but it was announced that there were still three seconds to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the U.S.A had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. A judging panel debated the matter for four and a half hours without changing the original decision. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals.
     Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or on non-national teams, might be too much to hope for, but in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.

     Although we might assume that attractive people are radically different from those who are less attractive, the truth is that we view the familiar as beautiful. Langlois and Roggman presented students with two types of photos: some were images of people from North European, Asian, and Latino backgrounds, while others were computer-generated images that combined the characteristics of several individuals. Surprisingly, the students consistently preferred the composite photos of both men and women. When the features of eight or more individuals were combined into one image, the students rated the picture as more attractive than the features of a single person or of a smaller combination of people. Thus, we seem to be drawn to people who represent the most attractive qualities of ourselves and those people aren't different from the rest of us.
     Even if your appearance isn't beautiful by social standards, consider these encouraging facts: first, ordinary-looking people with pleasing personalities are likely to be judged as being attractive; second, physical factors become less important as a relationship progress. As Hamachek puts it, “Attractive features may open doors, but apparently, it takes more than physical beauty to keep them open.”

CAREFUL READING 

Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer.

     Magaret Mead, an American scholar, went to Eastern Samoa in 1925 to spend nine months studying childrearing patterns and adolescent behavior. She sought to answer these questions: “Are the adolescent problems due to the nature of adolescence itself or to the civilization? Does adolescence present a different picture under different conditions?” She observed and interviewed fifty adolescent 'girls of three different villages. Her conclusion was that, unlike the typical experience in the United States, children in Samoa grew up in a relaxed and happy atmosphere. As young adolescents, they made a sexually free and unrepressed (不受压抑的）transition to adulthood. These findings had a major impact on thinking about child rearing in North America, prompting attempts at more relaxed forms of child rearing in the hope of raising less stressed adolescents. 

     In 1983, five years after Mead’s death (at which point she had no chance for response), Derek Freeman, an Australian scholar, published a strong criticism of Mead’s work on Samoa. Freeman said that Mead’s findings on adolescence were wrong. Freeman, a biological determinist, believes that universally, adolescents are driven by hormonal (荷尔蒙的）changes that cause social and psychological problems. He claims that Mead’s work was flawed in two major ways. First, he says her fieldwork was inadequate because she spent a relatively short time in the field and she had insufficient knowledge of the Samoan language. Second, he says that her theoretical bias against biological determinists led her to overlook evidence that was contrary to her interests. He compares rates of adolescent crimes in Samoa and England and finds that they are similar in both cultures. On the basis of this result, he argues that sexual and social repression also characterized Samoan adolescence. In other words，Samoa is not so different from the West with its supposedly pervasive adolescent problems.
     Because of Mead’s reputation, Freeman’s criticism prompted a vigorous response from scholars, most in defense of Mead. One response in defense of Mead came from Eleanor Leacock, an expert on how colonialism affects native cultures. Leacock claimed that Freeman's position failed to take history into account; Mead’s findings applied to Samoa of the 1920s while Freeman’s analysis was based on data from the 1960s. By the 1960s, Samoan society had gone through radical cultural changes due to the influence of World War II and intensive exposure to Western influences. Freeman's data, in her view, do not contradict Mead’s because they are from a different period.