Read the following paragraphs and answer the question.
     The study of home economics began in the United States after the American Revolution. In colonial America, as in the Old World, a young woman received instruction in homemaking and child care primarily at home. But in the 19th century a number of forces helped create a favorable climate for the introduction of home economics as a field of study in schools. Among the most significant were a spirit of humanitarianism, faith in education, and a belief in the equal rights of women. 

Which of the following is true about home economics in the 19th century?（）

Passage 2
①Online education is still a hot topic among employers for a number of reasons. Many employers welcome online educational qualifications because they recognized the fact that the individuals who are trained online have vital qualities that other competitors may not have and that they are also trained to the same level as anyone completing a campus course. However, there are still some traditional employers who still question the fact that the individuals did not sit in a classroom for three or four years. For some reason, those employers do not perceive an online degree as of value.
②However these employers are few now simply because the online degree graduates are filling jobs that may never have otherwise been filled. They are responding to the demand and helping the country to run much more smoothly than it has done in a long time. In fact, online college degrees and technical qualifications have revolutionized the way that the world of education and the world of industry work. Although attitudes are changing, nobody with an online degree should expect not to be challenged when it is presented in a resume or in a job interview because it is still likely to be a topic of discussion.
③Attending a campus institution makes the degree easily identifiable and easy to track in terms of what the candidate has indeed completed. Online degrees are not easy to trace and can prove to be difficult to substantiate too. However they both tend to have the same amount of work involved with the latter providing far more useful personal qualities in terms of working off one’s own initiative and time management skills. While that is not to discredit campus graduates, these are qualities that can be pointed out in an interview to help a candidate’s claim to a job!
④An employer is well within his or her right to check up on an educational background and may indeed be cautious of individuals with online qualifications from universities and colleges that are less well-known because of the number of faking agencies out there. An employer will be skeptical until everything actually checks out. It may even put them off hiring you. This is just because of the healthy suspicion that still lingers over the online degree, and with good reason. However, the larger online universities are well-known enough by now to need no explanation. The one question a potential employer will always ask though is why the candidate chose to take an online degree instead of a campus course. This is a question that you always need to be prepared for and have a good answer ready.
⑤No matter how well you try to prepare for an interview, you can never count on which way an employer will go or what view of an online degree he or she will take, so you need to have answers prepared for every possibility. Trying to predict the reaction will often land you in more trouble than assuming the worst. Always assuming the worst is the best advice that you could take because you are then prepared for anything. If you are confident and put faith in your degree, providing evidence to substantiate the fact that it is real, it should no longer hold you back!

What might be an advantage for online degree graduates according to the passage?

③Although in fact it is chiefly an act of the imagination, it has serious results in life since it brings on deep sorrow and bad luck. Those people offend many others; nobody loves them, and no one treats them with more than the most common politeness and respect. This frequently puts them in bad temper and draws them into arguments. If they aim at getting some advantages in social position or fortune, nobody wishes them success. Nor will anyone start a step or speak a word to favor their hopes. If they bring on themselves public objections, no one will defend or excuse them, and many will join to criticize their wrongdoings. These people should change this bad habit and be pleased with what is pleasing, without worrying needlessly about themselves and others. If they do not, it will be good for others to avoid any contact(接触) with them. Otherwise, it can be disagreeable and sometimes very inconvenient, especially when one becomes mixed up in their quarrels.

If such unhappy persons insist on keeping the habit, the author suggests that people should（）.

Read the following paragraphs and answer the question.

        It began as just another research project, in this case to examine the effects of various drugs on patients with a severe mood disorder. Using an advanced brain scanning technology—the clumsily named echo-planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (磁共振光谱成像) procedure, or EP-MRSI -researchers at Boston’s McLean Hospital scanned the medicated and unmedicated brains of 30 people with bipolar disorder in order to detect possible new treatments for the more than 2 million American adults who suffer from the disease.

The project described in this paragraph aimed at finding（ ）.

Read the following paragraphs and answer the question.

     Is Google really wrecking our memory? The answer is “it depends.” The Columbia University report doesn’t offer evidence of actual memory diminishing. Instead, the suggestion is that, influenced by Internet and search engine use, our memories are switching job hats and becoming more external. Instead of remembering “ends,” we’re remembering “means.” Search engines like Google are simply becoming extensions of our brains, sort of like wireless electronic devices. 

The result of the Columbia University research is that （）.

Passage 2
①Online education is still a hot topic among employers for a number of reasons. Many employers welcome online educational qualifications because they recognized the fact that the individuals who are trained online have vital qualities that other competitors may not have and that they are also trained to the same level as anyone completing a campus course. However, there are still some traditional employers who still question the fact that the individuals did not sit in a classroom for three or four years. For some reason, those employers do not perceive an online degree as of value.
②However these employers are few now simply because the online degree graduates are filling jobs that may never have otherwise been filled. They are responding to the demand and helping the country to run much more smoothly than it has done in a long time. In fact, online college degrees and technical qualifications have revolutionized the way that the world of education and the world of industry work. Although attitudes are changing, nobody with an online degree should expect not to be challenged when it is presented in a resume or in a job interview because it is still likely to be a topic of discussion.
③Attending a campus institution makes the degree easily identifiable and easy to track in terms of what the candidate has indeed completed. Online degrees are not easy to trace and can prove to be difficult to substantiate too. However they both tend to have the same amount of work involved with the latter providing far more useful personal qualities in terms of working off one’s own initiative and time management skills. While that is not to discredit campus graduates, these are qualities that can be pointed out in an interview to help a candidate’s claim to a job!
④An employer is well within his or her right to check up on an educational background and may indeed be cautious of individuals with online qualifications from universities and colleges that are less well-known because of the number of faking agencies out there. An employer will be skeptical until everything actually checks out. It may even put them off hiring you. This is just because of the healthy suspicion that still lingers over the online degree, and with good reason. However, the larger online universities are well-known enough by now to need no explanation. The one question a potential employer will always ask though is why the candidate chose to take an online degree instead of a campus course. This is a question that you always need to be prepared for and have a good answer ready.
⑤No matter how well you try to prepare for an interview, you can never count on which way an employer will go or what view of an online degree he or she will take, so you need to have answers prepared for every possibility. Trying to predict the reaction will often land you in more trouble than assuming the worst. Always assuming the worst is the best advice that you could take because you are then prepared for anything. If you are confident and put faith in your degree, providing evidence to substantiate the fact that it is real, it should no longer hold you back!

Which of the following is true of employers’ attitude toward online degrees?

②Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others in spite of (尽管) our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship ( 同伴) supportive. Taking part in free-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting(转移注意力) us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental (手段的) support—money aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and deal with our problems.

Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of（）.

Read the following paragraphs and answer the question.

      Even with the smile on his face, she was worried. No one had stopped to help for the last hour or so. Was he going to hurt her? He didn't look safe; he looked poor and hungry. He could see that she was frightened, standing out there in the cold. He knew how she felt. It was those chills which only fear can put in you. He said, “I am here to you, ma'am. Why don't you wait in the car where it's warm? By the way, my name is Bryan Anderson.” 

Which of the following is true about the old lady?（）

Read the following paragraphs and answer the question.
     Women are retreating from marriage as they go into the workplace. That’s partly because, for a woman, being both employed and married is tough in Asia. Women there are the primary caregivers for husbands, children and, often, for ageing parents; and even when in full-time employment, they are expected to continue to play this role. This is true elsewhere in the world, but the burden that Asian women carry is particularly heavy. Japanese women, who typically work 40 hours a week in the office, then do, on average, another 30 hours of housework.

What contributes to the decline of marriage in Asian countries?（）

Read the following paragraphs and answer the question.

     I’ve always been curious about people, and I’ve tried to learn what I could from them. Many times during long rides, I’d developed a rapport with my passengers—and quite often I’d received very good advice from accountants, lawyers, and plumbers. Maybe it was that this fellow clearly loved his work; maybe it was just the pleasant mood of a spring morning. But I decided to ask for his help. “Could I ask a big favor of you?” He didn’t answer. “I have a son，15, a good kid. He’s doing well in school. He wants a job. But a 15-year-old can’t get hired unless his old man knows someone who owns a business，and I don’t.” I paused. “Is there any possibility that you might get him some kind of a summer job— even if he doesn’t get paid?” He still wasn’t talking，and I was starting to feel foolish. Finally, at the airport, he said, “Well, the medical students have a summer research project. Maybe he could fit in. Have him send me his school record.” He scribbled something and paid me. It was the last time I ever saw him. 

What was the narrator's impression of the doctor after some talking?（）

Read the following paragraphs and answer the question.

        The 2013 word of the year, according to the Oxford Dictionaries，was “selfie”，which Oxford defines as “a photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically one taken with a smartphone and uploaded to a social media website”. The first use of the term，according to Oxford，occurred when a young Australian got drunk at a friend’s birthday party and fell down the stairs. He hit lip first and his front teeth punched a hole in his bottom lip. His response was to take a photo of himself and post it online for his friends to see. “Sorry about the focus，” he wrote，“It was a selfie. ”
     That was more than a decade ago. The word remained in relative obscurity until two years ago, when “selfie” began its climb to digital star. With smartphone in hand，we can now share with others how our narcissism (自恋）looks to us. This is not just the year of the selfie; this is the age of the selfie.
Although their self-view may look good to people who post a lot of selfies, it turns out that their friends often aren’t amused. Recent research conducted by Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland, concluded that increased sharing of selfies leads to decreased feelings of connection and closeness. In other words, your friends will stay closer if you keep your selfies to yourself.
     The problem with selfie culture isn’t only what we look at; it’s also how we love and how we live. In a culture defined by the selfie, nothing has lasting value but the self, which means everyone and everything can be disposed of whenever something better shows up. For example, online dating services make it easy to find a mate with the click of a mouse, why not keep looking and looking and looking? When the going gets tough in one relationship, why not get going and find someone better?
     Our things become disposable as well. In the case of the phone, something better shows up about every six months. Obviously,an astonishing 99 percent of the stuff we buy winds up in a landfill or recycling plant within six months of purchase. It’s hard to believe, but six months after purchase, only one percent of everything we buy remains in use. It takes disposing of a lot of stuff to ensure that we each have ‘‘ something better’.
     Here’s the irony: Selfie culture doesn’t enhance the self but degrades it. When we turn the lens of life on ourselves, we create the illusion that we should focus only on what’s best for us. We continually focus and refocus, constantly revisit options and reevaluate decisions. In doing so, we deprive ourselves of being surrounded by people whom we deeply value because of their long presence and things we deeply value because of their long use.
     Make no mistake. Sometimes we make bad decisions, and we need to get out and start over. If you’re in a job that’s ethically compromising or a relationship that’s emotionally or physically abusive, head for the door. But if your life has turned into a slideshow of short-term commitments and temporary relationships, then it ’ s time to refocus. Life isn ’ t a selfie. Rather，it ’ s a complex interweaving (交织)of relationships that unite us to the world around us. And while those relationships must fully engage who we are as individuals, they must also fully engage to whom and to what we are related, which ultimately is everything.

What is the author’s purpose of writing this passage?（）

Read the two passages and choose the most likely answer to each of the questions. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. 

Passage 2
①   The study of home economics began in the United States after the American Revolution. In colonial America, as in the Old World, a young woman received instruction in homemaking and child care primarily at home. But in the 19th century a number of forces helped create a favorable climate for the introduction of home economics as a field of study in schools. Among the most significant were a spirit of humanitarianism, faith in education, and a belief in the equal rights of women.
②   The early American's confidence in a person’s ability to shape his or her environment through education led to the founding of colleges that taught occupational skills. When women began to share in higher education, the household arts became a part of the curriculum as both a cultural and a professional field of study.
③   The first institutions to provide a foundation for the growth of home economics education were the land-grant colleges and universities. These land-grant institutions sought “to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes.” They offered technical courses that were related to the lives of their students. Some of these courses were especially designed to serve the needs of women students.
④   By 1890, domestic science courses were being offered widely in American public high schools, as well as in colleges and universities. These courses included instruction in cooking, sewing, home decoration, home sanitation, home hygiene, home nursing, etc. The teaching of domestic science in the secondary schools led to a demand for the training of home economics teachers in the colleges. However, the major emphasis on home management remained until the early part of the 20th century.
⑤   In 1909 the American Home Economics Association was founded, The members of the association were dedicated to the improvement of living conditions in the home and the community, and they worked to win acceptance for home economics education. Their efforts were aided greatly by the passage of the Vocational Education Act of 1917, which provided federal funds to pay the salaries of home economics teachers as well as teachers of agricultural, trade, and industrial subjects. By 1920, 6,000 high schools in the United States were offering courses in home economics. As the social sciences developed, some of their findings were incorporated into the home economics curriculum. the original emphasis on food, clothing, and shelter was broadened to include such topics as human relationships. By 1935, home economics educators were being urged to glean from ” all fields of knowledge, all lines of activity” whatever might serve to improve families and family life.
⑥   As the scope of home economics training broadened, the variety of professions in home economics increased on the university level, home economics training became more and more specialized. On the secondary school level, the focus of home economics education changed from “how to do it” to “why it is done.” Overall, the study of home economics has been influenced by the changing quality of modem life. Today, home economics students are no longer taught merely how to cook and sew but also how to buy the food they prepare and fabrics for the clothing they make. In fact, a large number of home economics courses place greater emphasis on consumer education than on homemaking skills. Moreover, home economics appears to be moving away from areas of concern only to the individual or the family and toward problems of national and international concern, such as overpopulation, urban poverty, and the development of emerging nations. 

Read the following paragraphs and answer the question.

①Having been sitting out in his back yard in the snow for about an hour, Bobby was getting cold. Bobby didn’t wear boots; he didn’t like them and anyway he didn’t own any. The thin sneakers he wore had a few holes in them and they did a poor job of keeping out the cold. Try as he might, he could not come up with an idea for his mother’s Christmas gift. He shook his head as he thought, “This is useless, even if I do have an idea, I don’t have any money to spend.” Ever since his father had passed away three years before, the family of five had struggled. His mother worked nights at the hospital, but the small wage that she was earning could only be stretched so far.
②What the family lacked in money and material things was more than made up for in love and family unity. Three of his sisters had already made beautiful gifts for their mother. Here it was Christmas Eve already, and he had nothing. Wiping tears from his eyes, Bobby started to walk down to the street where the shops and stores were.
③It wasn’t easy being six without a father, especially when he needed a man to talk to. Bobby walked from shop to shop, looking into each decorated window. Everything seemed so beautiful and so out of reach. Suddenly his eyes caught the glimmer of the setting sun’s rays reflecting off on something along the curb. He reached down and picked up a shiny dime. Never before had anyone felt so wealthy as Bobby did at that moment. Warmth spread throughout his entire body and he walked into the first store he saw. His excitement quickly turned cold when the salesperson told him that he couldn’t buy anything with only a dime. He noticed a flower shop and went inside to wait in line. When the shop owner asked if he could help him, Bobby presented the dime and asked if he could buy one flower for his mother. The shop owner put his hand on Bobby’s shoulder and said to him, “You just wait here and I’ll see what I can do for you.”
④When the shop owner came out and moved to the counter, Bobby saw in his hand twelve long-stemmed red roses, with green leaves and tiny white flowers all tied together with a big silver bow. Bobby’s heart sank as the owner placed them neatly into a long white box. “That will be ten cents, young man,” the shop owner said. Slowly, Bobby gave the man his dime. Could this be true? No one else would give him a thing for his dime! Sensing the boy’s reluctance, the shop owner added, “I just happened to have some roses on sale for ten cents a dozen. Would you like them?” This time Bobby did not hesitate, and took the long box from the man. Walking out of the door that the owner was holding open for him, Bobby heard the shopkeeper say, “Merry Christmas, son.”
⑤As he returned inside, the shopkeeper’s wife walked out. “Who were you talking to back there and where are the roses you were fixing?” Staring out of the window, and blinking the tears from his own eyes, he replied, “When the little boy came into the shop and wanted to buy a flower for his mother with that small dime, I saw myself, many years ago. I too, was a poor boy with nothing to buy my mother a Christmas gift. A bearded man, whom I never knew, stopped me on the street and told me that he wanted to give me ten dollars ...” The shop owner and his wife hugged each other tightly, and as they stepped out into the bitter cold air, they somehow didn’t feel the cold at all.

Which of the following might be the best title for the story?（）

Read the following paragraphs and answer the question.

①Every day as I drove through town, I saw a one-legged man going through ash cans for cigarette butts and trash cans outside of fast food restaurants looking for food. It was only a month before Christmas, starting to get cold, and I could not quit thinking about him. It was a year when we didn't have enough money to really have much in the way of presents, but I figured what was too little for us would be a lot for someone who had nothing.
②So I bought a toothbrush, toothpaste, a pack of cigarettes, cans of tuna, just little things that didn't cost much and then I added a blanket and sweatshirts. I made a box up like a present and went in search of this man. I saw him hobble away from the dumpster next to McDonalds. I pulled over, grabbed the box and went up to him. I said, “I would like to give you a Christmas present. There are some food items in here and some things you might be able to use.”
③He sidestepped around me and said, “No, thank you, I just had lunch. I don't need anything.” Then he hobbled on down the sidewalk, leaving me standing there in tears. I took the box down to a little shop that gave things out to the poor and homeless and told them what had happened and asked that they give the box to someone who could use it. The person there told me not to be upset as I was still crying. I told her I was not crying for myself but for him because what I had done was to take away his dignity as if he were a person in need. I was so ashamed. What a great lesson for me to learn, though.
④A few years later I was able to volunteer for a day in St. Anthony's Dining Room in San Francisco where 1,500 to 2,000 homeless are fed every day. These folks give up their sleeping spot, carry everything they own and stand in line for up to 6 hours to receive the only food they will get to sustain themselves for a 24 hour period. We took one tray of food at a time, and treated them as if they were in a restaurant ordering a meal they were paying for. And when we took our break, we would sit down with one of them and talk and share our food with someone if we had too much.
⑤Since that time, I have had the opportunity, or to be exact, the blessing of being able to sit down and visit with people who at the time just happen to be displaced. I have heard that, statistically, the majority of us could not make it if we had to go two months without an income and homelessness were to happen to us. Speaking for me, yes, that would be true and my immediate reaction would be like the first gentleman I mentioned. I might have nothing else but I would want to maintain my dignity as long as possible. Accepting help is sometimes harder than giving it.

Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?（）

①Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human conditions is our possibility to give and receive support from one another under stressful(有压力的) conditions. Social support makes up of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal（人际间的） ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to deal with major life changes and daily problems. People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over types of illnesses, from depression (抑郁症) to heart disease, show that the presence of social support helps people defend themselves against illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely.
②Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others in spite of (尽管) our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship ( 同伴) supportive. Taking part in free-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting(转移注意力) us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental (手段的) support—money aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and deal with our problems.

Read the following paragraphs and answer the question.

        It began as just another research project, in this case to examine the effects of various drugs on patients with a severe mood disorder. Using an advanced brain scanning technology—the clumsily named echo-planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (磁共振光谱成像) procedure, or EP-MRSI -researchers at Boston’s McLean Hospital scanned the medicated and unmedicated brains of 30 people with bipolar disorder in order to detect possible new treatments for the more than 2 million American adults who suffer from the disease.
     But something unexpected happened. A patient who had been so depressed and could barely speak became ebullient after the 45-minute brain scan. Then a second patient, who seemed incapable of even a smile, emerged actually telling jokes. Then another and another. Was this some coincidence? Aimee Parow, the technician who made these observations (she is now a medical student in New York) didn’t think so. She mentioned the patients’ striking mood shifts to her boss, and together they completely refocused the study: to see if the electromagnetic fields might actually have a positive effect on depressive mood.
     As it turns out, they did. As reported last month in the American Journal of Psychiatry, 23 of the 30 people who were part of the study reported feeling significantly less depressed after the scan. The most dramatic improvements were among those who were taking no medication. The researchers are cautious: Says Bruce Cohen, McLean’s president and psychiatrist in chief: “I want to emphasize that we are not saying this is the answer...but this is a completely different approach in trying to help the brain than anything that was done before.”
     It’s a completely different approach because of the way the magnetism is applied to the brain. But it’s an example of new research on an old idea that the brain is an electromagnetic organ and that brain disorders might result from disarray in magnetic function. The idea has huge appeal to psychiatrists and patients alike, since for many people the side effects of psychiatric drugs are almost as difficult to manage as the disease itself. And 30 percent of the nearly 18.8 million people who suffer from depression do not respond to any of the antidepressants available now. People with other severe mental disorders might benefit as well. And while no one fully understands exactly why or how the brain responds as it does to electrical currents and magnetic waves, new research is offering some possible explanations.
     This area of psychiatric research and treatment has an unpleasant history to overcome. “Shock treatment,” technically known as electroconvulsive therapy (电休克疗法) or ECT, has been around since the 1930s, but it carries with it an unpopular public image which comes mostly from horrible movies. And in fact, it was in the early days a brutal procedure. But research on the magnetic brain has led to improvements in such treatments, and their use is on the rise. In 1980, 30,000 people received ECT; in 2001, nearly 100,000. Although there are still side effects - headaches and memory problems primarily - the days of bitten tongues, and broken bones are largely a thing of the past. And the response rate, especially for treatment of drug-resistant depression, is as high as 70 percent.

The passage mainly（ ）.

Read the following paragraphs and answer the question.

①Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human conditions is our possibility to give and receive support from one another under stressful(有压力的) conditions. Social support makes up of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal（人际间的） ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to deal with major life changes and daily problems. People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over types of illnesses, from depression (抑郁症) to heart disease, show that the presence of social support helps people defend themselves against illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely.
②Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others in spite of (尽管) our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship ( 同伴) supportive. Taking part in free-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting(转移注意力) us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental (手段的) support—money aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and deal with our problems.

What is the subject discussed in the text?（）

Read the two passages and choose the most likely answer to each of the questions. Blacken the letter corresponding to your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. 

Passage 1
①   One day a man saw an old lady, stranded on the side of the road, but even in the dim light of day, he could see she needed help. So he pulled up in front of her Mercedes and got out. His Pontiac was still sputtering
when he approached her.
②   Even with the smile on his face, she was worried. No one had stopped to help for the last hour or so. Was he going to hurt her? He didn't look safe; he looked poor and hungry. He could see that she was frightened, standing out there in the cold. He knew how she felt. It was those chills which only fear can put in you. He said, “I am here to you, ma'am. Why don't you wait in the car where it's warm? By the way, my name is Bryan Anderson.”
③   Well, all she had was a flat tire, but for an old lady, that was bad enough. Bryan crawled under the car looking for a place to put the jack, skinning his knuckles (指关节）a time or two. Soon he was able to change the tire. But he had to get dirty and his hands hurt. As he was finishing, she rolled down the window and began to talk to him. She said she couldn't thank him enough for coming to her aid.
④   Bryan just smiled as he closed her trunk. The lady asked how much she owed him. Any amount would have been all right with her. She already imagined all the awful things that could have happened had he not stopped. Bryan never thought twice about being paid. This was not a job to him. This was helping someone in need, and many people had given him a hand in the past. He had lived his whole life that way, and it never occurred to him to act any other way. He told her that if she really wanted to pay him back, the next time she saw someone who needed help, she could give that person the assistance he/she needed, and Bryan added, “And think of me.”
⑤   He waited until she started her car and drove off. It had been a cold and depressing day, but he felt good as he headed for home, disappearing into the twilight.
⑥   A few miles down the road the lady saw a small cafe. She went in to grab a bite to eat. It was a dingy looking restaurant the waitress came over and brought a clean towel to wipe her wet hair. She had a sweet smile, one that even being on her face for the whole day couldn't erase. The lady noticed the waitress was nearly eight months pregnant, but she never let the strain and aches change her attitude. The old lady wondered how someone who had so little could be so giving to a stranger. Then she remembered Bryan.
⑦   After the lady finished her meal, she paid with a hundred dollar bill. The waitress quickly went to get change, but the old lady had slipped right out the door. She was gone by the time the waitress came back. The waitress wondered where the lady could be. Then she noticed something written on the napkin. There were tears in her eyes when she read what the lady wrote: “You don’t owe me anything. Somebody once helped me out, the way I’m helping you. If you really want to pay me back, here is what you do: Do not let this chain of love end with you. Under the napkin were four more $100 bills.”
⑧   That night when she got home from work and climbed into bed, she was thinking about the money and what the lady had written. How could the lady have known how much she and her husband needed it? With the baby due next month, it was going to be hard...
⑨   She knew how worried her husband was, and as he lay sleeping next to her, she gave him a soft kiss and whispered soft and low, “Everything’s going to be all right. I love you, Bryan Anderson.” 

Read the following paragraphs and answer the question.

①There are two types of people in the world. Although they have equal degree of health and wealth and other comforts of life, one becomes happy and the other becomes unhappy. This arises from the different ways in which they consider things, persons，events and the resulting effects upon their minds.
②People who are to be happy fix their attention on the convenience of things: the pleasant parts of conversation, the well-prepared dishes, the goodness of the wine and the fine weather. They enjoy all the cheerful things. Those who are to be unhappy think and speak only of the opposite things. Therefore, they are continually dissatisfied. By their remarks, they sour (使变坏) the pleasure of society, offend(顶撞) many people, and make themselves disagreeable everywhere. If this turn of mind was founded in nature, such unhappy persons would be the more to be pitied. The intention of criticizing(批评) and being disliked is perhaps taken up by imitation(模仿). It grows into a habit, unknown to its possessors. The habit may be strong, but it may be cured when those who have realized its bad effects on their interests and tastes. I hope this little warning may be of service to them, and help them change this habit.
③Although in fact it is chiefly an act of the imagination, it has serious results in life since it brings on deep sorrow and bad luck. Those people offend many others; nobody loves them, and no one treats them with more than the most common politeness and respect. This frequently puts them in bad temper and draws them into arguments. If they aim at getting some advantages in social position or fortune, nobody wishes them success. Nor will anyone start a step or speak a word to favor their hopes. If they bring on themselves public objections, no one will defend or excuse them, and many will join to criticize their wrongdoings. These people should change this bad habit and be pleased with what is pleasing, without worrying needlessly about themselves and others. If they do not, it will be good for others to avoid any contact(接触) with them. Otherwise, it can be disagreeable and sometimes very inconvenient, especially when one becomes mixed up in their quarrels.

In this passage the writer mainly（）.

Read the passage and answer the questions.

①Taste is such a subjective matter that we don’t usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone’s preference, is that it’s one person’s opinion. But because the two big cola (可口饮料) companies—Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, we’ve wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting.
②We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic (传统型) or Pepsi, Diet (低糖的) Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they’d have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand.
③We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants’ choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished.
④Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-only 7 to 27 identified all four samples correctly.

⑤While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price.①Taste is such a subjective matter that we don’t usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone’s preference, is that it’s one person’s opinion. But because the two big cola (可口饮料) companies—Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, we’ve wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting. 

②We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic (传统型) or Pepsi, Diet (低糖的) Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they’d have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand.
③We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants’ choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished.
④Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-only 7 to 27 identified all four samples correctly.

⑤While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price.①Taste is such a subjective matter that we don’t usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone’s preference, is that it’s one person’s opinion. But because the two big cola (可口饮料) companies—Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, we’ve wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting. 

②We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic (传统型) or Pepsi, Diet (低糖的) Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they’d have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand.
③We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants’ choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished.
④Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-only 7 to 27 identified all four samples correctly.

⑤While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price.①Taste is such a subjective matter that we don’t usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone’s preference, is that it’s one person’s opinion. But because the two big cola (可口饮料) companies—Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, we’ve wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting.
②We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic (传统型) or Pepsi, Diet (低糖的) Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they’d have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand.
③We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants’ choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished.
④Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-only 7 to 27 identified all four samples correctly.

⑤While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price.①Taste is such a subjective matter that we don’t usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone’s preference, is that it’s one person’s opinion. But because the two big cola (可口饮料) companies—Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, we’ve wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting.
②We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic (传统型) or Pepsi, Diet (低糖的) Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they’d have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand.
③We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants’ choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished.
④Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-only 7 to 27 identified all four samples correctly.
⑤While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price.