Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.

historical linguistics

​Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate.

historical linguistics

Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language（ ）.

Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. 

Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.

When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule e occurs.

Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following; statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. 

Language change is largely a process of balancing between the simplification and the e of rules, between the need to reduce memory burdens and the need to maintain commnunicative clarity.

The m rule of adjective agreement has been lost from English.

The history of English lexical expansion is one that is characterized with heavy b and word formation.

Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.

Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.

Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.

The major phonological change in the history of English known as the Great Vowel Shift involves seven long, or t , vowels of Middle English.

Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.

In the course of the historical development of English, a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as e.

Directions: Fill in the blank of the following statement with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.

As for the linguistic change of English, the s system has obviously undergone more radical changes than other components of the grammar.

Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.

 In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne” (“not”) and “næfre” (“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.

The Old English word “nicht”, pronounced as /nixt/,and its present form “night” ， pronounced as /nait/ with the voiceless velar fricative/x/ absent, show an example of sound l.

The [d] of spindle is developed between an adjacent [n] and [l]. Such a process or change in which successive sounds are separated by an intervening segment is known as e.

 In general, linguistic change in the sound system and theof a language is more noticeable than that in other systems of the grammar.（请在横线上填完整单词，此处空白处单词开头字母为“v”）

Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.

Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy to foe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cow instead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when words are borrowed from foreign languages.

Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.

The [d] of spindle is developed between an adjacent [n] and [l]. Such a process or change in which successive sounds are separated by an intervening segment is known as e.

The word “holiday” was originally used to mean a day of religious significance, but today it means any day off work. This is an example of semantic b.

Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.

The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I’m too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening.