阅读理解（Reading Comprehension） - 英语（一）

中等

阅读判断：下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是锴误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。

Finding Paradise(天堂) and Success in Retirement

Ivy Singh and her husband had their retirement all planned out. They wanted to have a place with enough land to grow plants. The couple successfully found a proper place and turned it into a farm called Bollywood Veggies. "We came and had a look and we found paradise. We started Bollywood veggies there and then," she says.

The basic idea of starting the farm was to keep themselves busy in retirement. Mrs. Singh says it was never begun as a business. "We started this as a lifestyle project for retirement." The farm's produce includes beans, cabbage and other crops. Soon, more people found out about the farm. Visitors often asked whether the farm offered any food or drinks. So the couple started a restaurant and a food museum on the farm.

As the farm changed from a retirement to a commercial project, Mrs. Singh sought new business opportunities—a key area was growing bananas. Given the popularity of bananas and their use in a range of food products, she saw great potential. The farm uses its crop to make products such as banana chips and bread.

Mrs. Singh, driven by the success of the project, now wants to open a retirement home on the farm. She says the farm is a nice place for people who have retired.

Mrs. Singh says she does not care much about the profit, because she is getting to live her dream while making a difference to society.

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中等

下面的短文后列出了十个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。

The power of a Parent

Tom is a young man being raised on the poor streets of Los Angles by his father, Frank Smith. He becomes friends with his neighbors Ricky and Doughboy. The three young men take different paths in life, due in large part to the parenting they receive.
Tom is the only one of the three with a father to guide him. He sometimes hates his father's discipline, but Frank explains that he is trying to teach Tom how to be responsible. He does not want him to be like his little friends across the street. Frank also fills Tom's mind and heart with messages about how to be a leader and how much he is loved. Tom becomes a strong young man who is able to resist the bad influence around him.
Ricky receives words of support and love from his mother, which helps raise his self-respect. He also looks to Frank and Tom for guidance and direction. Living in a single-parent family, he has never received this from his father. Doughboy, on the other hand, is told by his single mother from an early age that he will never achieve anything. Their mothers' words come true. The two boys grow up to be the type of person predicted by their mothers. Ricky becomes a star football player while Doughboy struggles aimlessly through life. The lesson from the story is clear: A parent's attitude towards his or her children can make all the difference.

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中等

下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断，如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。

True Friendship

True Friendship - Recognition
How can we find true friendship in this often phony, temporary world? Friendship involves recognition or familiarity with another's personality. Friends often share likes and dislikes, interests, pursuits, and passion.
How can we recognize potential friendship? Signs include a mutual desire for companionship and perhaps a common bond of some kind. Beyond that, genuine friendship involves a shared sense of caring and concern, a desire to see one another grow and develop, and a hope for each other to succeed in all aspects of life. True friendship involves action: doing something for someone else while expecting nothing in return; sharing thoughts and feelings without fear of judgment or negative criticism.
True Friendship - Relationship, Trust, Accountability
True friendship involves relationship. Those mutual attributes we mentioned above become the foundation in which recognition transpires into relationship. Many people say," Oh, he's a good friend of mine," yet they never take time to spend time with that "good friend."Friendship takes time: time to get to know each other, time to build shared memories, time to invest in each other's growth.
Trust is essential to true friendship. We all need someone with whom we can share our lives, thoughts, feelings, and frustrations. We need to be able to share our deepest secrets with someone, without worrying that those secrets will end up on the Internet the next day ! Failing to be trustworthy with those intimate secrets can destroy a friendship in a hurry. Faithfulness and loyalty are key to true friendship. Without them, we often feel betrayed, left out, and lonely. In true friendship, there is no backbiting, no negative thoughts, no turning away.
True friendship requires certain accountability factors. Real friends encourage one another and forgive one another where there has been an offense. Genuine friendship supports during times of struggle. Friends are dependable. In true friendship, unconditional love develops. We love our friends no matter what and we always want the best for our friends.

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中等

阅读判断：
下面的短文后列出了十个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。

Radar

Children enjoy shouting at a high wall and hearing the sound come back to them. These sounds are called echoes(回声). Echoes have given us a number of valuable tools.
Echo sounding devices were early used in making maps of the ocean floor. Sounds or ultrasonic(超声的) sounds make good tools for determining how deep the water is under ships. Sometimes echoes from ultrasonic distance finding devices were prevented from working by fish swimming past or by the presence of large objects. So ultrasonic devices have been replaced by other tools.
Radar is now a familiar tool. Like many others it was an unexpected discovery. It was first observed by two researchers, who were studying sound communication. They were sending signals from a station on one side of a river in Washington DC to a vehicle across the river. They discovered that their signals were stopped by passing ships. They recognized the importance of this discovery at once.
All this was of course just a start, from which our present radar has developed. The word “radar,” in fact, gets its name from the term “radio detection(检测)and ranging.” “Ranging” is the term for detection of the distance between an object and the radar set. Today, in our scientific age, it would be difficult to manage without radar.
One of the functions of radar is as a speed control device on highways. When a person in an automobile is driving faster than the speed limit, radar will show this clearly and the traffic police can take measures to stop him.
A pilot cannot fly a plane by sight alone. Many conditions such as flying at night and landing in dense fog require the pilot to use radar. Human eyes are not very good at determining speeds of approaching objects, but radar can show the pilot how fast nearby planes are moving.

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中等

阅读判断：（下面的短文后列出了 10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确倌息，选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信怠，选择B;如果该句的倍息文中没有提及，选择C。）

Dollhouse History

In America, when people hear the term a “dollhouse”, they think of a small house for children to play with. However, there is much more to it. History tells us that dollhouses were first designed for adults and children of high social status. A dollhouse can delight both the adult and the child. Children and adults feel special when receiving or planning their fantasy house.

Dollhouses began in Europe in the 1600s when they were referred to as “Baby Houses”. These houses were made up of several cupboards. In the cupboards, everyday objects created on a tiny scale were displayed (展示). The displays focused on the way people lived at that time. They showed detailed household (家庭)，routines with servants, and kitchen settings, etc. These were carefully designed, and only the upper class could afford to have them built.
As time went on, factories were built to make dollhouses. Germany was the leader of dollhouse makers before World War I. These houses were shipped throughout Central Europe and England, and even to America. Later, the folding dollhouse became popular. Around 1894, an American company produced dollhouses that had four rooms. Children could share such dollhouses when they were playing games. During World War I, Germany needed their resources to fuel the war. As a result, other countries began to make more dollhouses.
After World War II, dollhouses produced in the US were usually made of plastic and metal. In the 1970s, people became interested in wooden dollhouses again. Besides children, today's dollhouses are also designed for the adult collectors.

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中等

下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请报据短文内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。

Roald Dahl

Roald Dahl — the author who entertained people with classics like Matilda, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and James and the Giant Peach — would have been 100 years old this year. Roald Dahl is most famous for the books he wrote for children, but he also wrote novels and short stories for adults, screenplays and non - fictions, too!
Roald Dahl was born near Cardiff, in Wales in 1916. Roald was sent off to boarding school when he was only nine years old. He was very homesick, and had a hard time obeying the strict teachers and the headmaster. In those days, teachers would sometimes hit their students with a cane（藤条） when they misbehaved. Later on, Roald integrated this fear and distrust of adults into many of his children’s books.
During World War II, Roald joined the Royal Air Force. At one point, his plane crashed in the Libyan Desert. He was temporarily blinded, and stranded（滞留） in the middle of nowhere. Fortunately, he was rescued and within a few months had made a complete recovery. After his injuries forced him to leave the Air Force, Roald began writing. His first published piece was a magazine article about his plane crash. During the 1950s, he became an accomplished writer of short stories for adults. These stories usually featured mystery, suspense（悬念）, and a twist ending.
In 1961, Roald published James and the Giant Peach, which tells the story of a young boy who attempts to escape from his two bad aunts. The boy finally gets away by sailing across the ocean inside a magical giant peach. James and the Giant Peach was prompted by the bedtime stories Roald would make up for his young daughters. He said that it was a challenge to keep them interested and attentive — he had to make his stories funny, exciting, and original. In 1964, he wrote his most famous book — Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, in which a poor boy wins a "golden ticket" to tour a mysterious world.

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中等

阅读判断：
下面的短文后列出了十个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。

My Brother

My brother is off at college, and at age 14, I miss him terribly. My brother is a rare kind of guy. He’s smart and kind. And my friends say he’s lovely. But it’s how he handles things and how he treats his friends and his family that make me feel more proud.
He applied to 14 colleges. He was accepted by all but one, the one he wanted, Brown University. So he took his second choice, and off he went to a first year. When he came home for summer vacation, he said he’d move to Rhode Island near Brown, find a job, and do whatever he could to become known in the area. He’d work his heart out and do his best at everything. Someone, he was sure, would notice. This was a big deal for my parents as it meant agreeing to a year without college. But they trusted him and encouraged him to do whatever he thought it would take to realize his dream.
It wasn't long before he was hired as an amateur(业余的) play director at Brown. Now was his chance to shine, and shine he did. He put every bit of himself into the job. He met teachers and school officials, talked to everyone about his dream and never hesitated to tell them what he was after.
And, sure enough, at the end of the year, when he reapplied to Brown, he was accepted.
We were all happy, but for me the happiness went very deep. I had learned an important lesson — a lesson no one could have taught me with words. If I work hard for what I want, and if I keep trying after I've been turned down, my dreams can also come true. This is a gift I still hold in my heart.

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中等

下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断，如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。

Benefits of Friendship

A lot of research has been done looking into the benefits of friendship, and the research has found exactly what you might expect. It turns out that the better quality relationships you have, the more likely you are to be happy. Therefore, it's good for your happiness to be a great friend to someone and to have a group of good friends supporting you. But it can be hard to say exactly what makes a good friend.
Friends will come and go in your life, but more important than how long a friendship lasts is that a good friend will love you forever. The way you can tell the sign of a good friend is by looking at the actions they take-big and small-that show they care. Some practical things you can do to be there for a friend include:
Listen. Listening is so important not to underestimate, but it can be hard to do. The best way to listen is to try to understand the situation from your friends' point of view. If you aim to do this,you'll naturally find yourself beginning to ask the right sort of questions and they will appreciate having someone who really cares about how they feel and what they're going through. You don't have to have all the answers, and you shouldn't assume your friend wants advice-they might just want to talk so that they can work out what they're going to do themselves.
Ask them what they need. If you're worried about someone and you want to be there for them, just ask them what they need-that way you know what they find helpful during tough times, and you can be there in a way that's most useful to them.
Get physical. Smiles and hugs are a great way to show friends that they're not alone, that you're there for them, and that they are important.
Keep in touch. Even if you guys aren't nearby each other, making an effort to keep in touch through Facebook, emails, texts and calls will show your friend you are there for them.
Tell them how you feel. You don't have to make a big deal of it all the time but sometimes there are moments where letting someone know that they're important to you through something you say can make a big difference to how someone is feeling.
Get the facts. If your friend has a medical condition or a mental health issue, a good way to offer support is to learn about what they've been diagnosed with. Taking an interest in what they're going through shows that you care, and that you're planning to stick around no matter what's going on.
Be willing to make a tough call. If you think the safety of your friend is at risk, you might need to act without their consent and get help. It can be a hard choice particularly when you're worried about their reaction, but remember that you are acting because you care and you don't want them to be hurt.

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中等

下面的短文后列出了十个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。

Setting Effective Goals

Avital Schweitzer, 17, is clearly goal-directed. She works hard to achieve the various tasks in her life. This summer she attended a program at the University of California, Santa Barbara, for high school students who are interested in research.
Avital says that she rarely clearly states and discusses her goals. But goal-setting has always played a role in her life. During her junior year, for instance, she set personal goals to win a tennis championship and to become debate-team captain.
Avital says, "In an academic environment when I set goals for myself, I often make lists that I need to complete in order to achieve them. The lists can include doing problem sets, meeting with a teacher or asking specific questions. When I run into difficulties, I reach out to resources for help or advice, like the Internet, my teachers or my parents. I think that learning about the best types of goals to set and standard methods to achieve these goals could be very useful in my day-to-day life.”
Who else is better to turn to for this kind of insight into the art and science of goal-setting than your own father? Avital's dad, Maurice Schweitzer, a Wharton professor of operations and information management, has researched the topic extensively. He said , "Goals are powerfully motivating and will help us get where we want to be. Across every field, people who set specific, challenging goals do better than people who go out and just aim to do their best."

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中等

下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断，如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。
Self-employed private physicians who charge a fee for each patient visit have been the norm for American medical practice. Most physicians have a contract relationship with one or more hospitals in their community. They refer their patients as needed to the hospital, which usually charges according to the number of days a patient stays and the facilities—X-rays, operating rooms, tests—he or she uses.
Some medical doctors are on salary. Salaried physicians may work as hospital staff members, or residents, who are often still in training. They may teach in medical schools, be hired by corporations to care for their workers or work for the federal government's Public Health Service.
Physicians are among the best-paid professionals in the United States. In the 1980s, it was not uncommon for medical doctors to earn incomes of more than $100,000 a year. Specialists, particularly surgeons, might earn several times that amount. Physicians list many reasons why they deserve to be so well rewarded for their work. One reason is the long and expensive preparation required to become a physician in the United States. Most would be physicians first attend college for four years, which can cost nearly $20,000 a year at one of the best private institutions. Prospective physicians then attend medical school for four years. Tuition alone can exceed $ 10,000 a year. By the time they have obtained their medical degrees, many young physicians are deeply in debt. They still face three to five years of residency（住院医生实习期）in a hospital, the first year as an apprentice physician. The hours are long and the pay is relatively low.
Setting up a medical practice is expensive, too. Sometimes several physicians will decide to establish a group practice, so they can share the expense of maintaining an office and buying equipment. These physicians also take care of each other's patients in emergencies.
Physicians work long hours and must accept a great deal of responsibility. Many medical procedures, even quite routine ones, involve risk. It is understandable that physicians want to be well rewarded for making decisions which can mean the difference between life and death.

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中等

Reading Comprehension
从下列每篇短文的问题后所给的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。
Inexperienced teachers frequently over-prepare. They write out all their comprehension questions in advance, and plan in detail how long they expect each activity to take. However, such a detailed lesson plan can be the cause of a disastrous lecture.
If the teacher depends too much on a lesson plan and keeps looking at it, his lecture will undoubtedly be dull. A plan is indeed helpful, but it should be a general framework only. There must always be opportunities for students to ask unexpected questions. And the teacher should constantly look for opportunities to turn the students' interest and difficulties to advantage. It is no good sticking to a plan for the sake of a plan. A plan is supposed to help the students. If it does not serve the purpose, it should be ignored.
There is no harm in working out a lesson plan so long as you reduce it to a single page of clearly written headings. Once in the classroom, you should put your notes somewhere you can easily see. If you want to look at them, do not attempt to keep them secret. It is best simply to say "Excuse me a moment, I want to look at my notes." Students expect you to be prepared, so there is no need to make secret of your preparations. Lesson notes do help, provided they are simple and brief.

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中等

阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出一个最佳选项。

The science teacher, Mr. Litmus, had asked his students to study some particular animal. They would write a short report, and tell the rest of the class their conclusions. Some talked about dogs, others about horses, some chose fish. But the most interesting discovery of all was made by little Sophie.
"I found that flies are terribly grumpy," she said, very sure of herself.
Everyone smiled, waiting for her to continue. Then Sophie explained: "I spent hours in my house, watching flies. When they flew normally, everything was OK, but when they found a window they would really start buzzing. I had always thought they made that noise with their wings, but they don't. With my daddy's binoculars (望远镜) I inspected the flies really closely, and saw that what they were really doing was shouting and protesting. They were so wildly mad that they couldn't fly out of the window, and they would just beat their heads against the glass again and again. If only they had watched the butterfly that passed by, they would have seen that the top of the window was open. The butterfly tried to tell them, but it had no effect at all. The flies just kept on shouting and complaining."
Mr. Litmus was amused, and explained to the class that form of fly behavior had nothing to do with anger. Instead, it was an example of creatures having different levels of intelligence and awareness. They agreed that the next day they would bring a list of creatures in their order of intelligence.
And this was what caused a big disturbance in the science class. Many parents had to come and complain, because their children had listed them as among the least intelligent of creatures! This, said the children, was because the parents did nothing but complain, and they never listened to anyone.
Although Mr. Litmus had to do a lot of explaining, and calm down quite a few parents, it helped some of them realize that, although they weren't stupid, they often behaved not terribly intelligently.

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中等

阅读下面短文，请从短文后各题所给的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳选项。
After 10 seasons wearing the No.8 on his back, Kobe Bryant will become No. 24 next season. The reason for the surprising decision by the Los Angeles Lakers super guard last week has become a hot topic for debate.
Bryant wore No. 24 when he was in early high school, but he changed to No.33 in his senior year. He switched to No.8 when he was selected by the Lakers in 1996, and has not been changed since.
Bryant has refused to explain the decision until the end of the play-offs. So guessing Bryant's motive has become a popular game among NBA fans and newspaper columnists.
There are all kinds of speculations. Many say that Bryant wants to leave the past behind and have a fresh start. He has often been criticized for playing to benefit himself and not the team as a whole. Others say that he may be trying to compare himself to Michael Jordan. Jordan was famous for his No.23 jersey. Some, such as NBC Sport columnist Michael Ventre, argue that it is"all about money". Bryant will make more money by selling new jerseys to his fans.
Some speculations are more about fun. For example, there is an opinion that Kobe is actually just a diehard fan of the popular TV drama "24".
All this talk has turned the number change into a major issue. It seems that there is a lot of fuss over something that should be pretty simple.
Jersey numbers have their own special significance in American sports, especially basketball. Players choose their number when they join a team and they usually stick with that number for the rest of their career. When a great player retires, his team will honor him by retiring his number.
To some extent, the jersey is the player, and the player is the jersey. Thus, when you see the famous No.23 for the Chicago Bulls, you immediately think about Michael Jordan. A No. 32 Miami Heats jersey recalls the image of Shaquille O'Neal, and the Houston Rockets' No. 11 belongs only to Yao Ming.
Lots of stories are behind players' jersey number selections. Jordan said that he chose No.23 because it was roughly half of 45. Jordan's elder brother wore the No. 45 in college. Yao Ming once revealed that the No. 11 stands for two people in love-meaning him and his girlfriend Ye Li.

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中等

Reading Comprehension
从下列每篇短文的问题后所给的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。
Protagoras was a great teacher of ancient Athens. He taught many subjects, including the laws of argument and the use of language. A young man named Evalthus admired him very much and asked him to be his teacher, but he did not want to pay for his lessons at once. After some discussion, however, they agreed that Evalthus should pay only if he won his first case in the law courts. For if he won, he had been taught well.
The lessons began and Evalthus proved himself to be a clever student. A time carne when he had reached the end of his studies, but he refused to pay Protagoras anything whatever.
Protagoras took Evalthus to court and said to the judges, "Whatever you decide, I must be paid. For if you decide in my favor, then I win the case, and so I must be paid. But if you decide against me, then Evalthus has won his first case in the law courts; therefore, according to our agreement, he must pay me for his lessons. So, I must get my money whatever happens.
After considering this argument, the Athenian judges found no fault in it. But they asked Evalthus to reply.
"It is quite clear, said Evaltaus, "I must not pay. For either the judges will decide in my favor, or they will decide against me. If they decide in my favor, then I have won the case, and I must not pay. But if Protagoras wins, then I have lost my first case in the law courts. Therefore, according to our agreement, I do not have to pay him for the lessons. So I need not pay in any event."
As both these arguments appeared to be faultless the judges were unable to come to a decision. They therefore ordered the two men to appear before them again a hundred years later.

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中等

阅读下面短文,请从短文后所给各题的4个选项( A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳选项。

Online Shopping

According to the fourth report on online shopping habits made by MasterCard, consumers from the Chinese mainland have kept high enthusiasm for online shopping, with 84 percent of respondents (答卷者) claiming that online shopping is their major aim for Internet surfing, compared with 67 percent of Taiwan consumers and 50 percent of Hong Kong consumers. Among all online shoppers, young students aged between 25 and 34 and female consumers are the main forces for online shopping.
The survey shows that more than two thirds of respondents from the Chinese mainland are satisfied about online shopping. Price and quality are two big issues for online shoppers, especially the quality of health, beauty and nutrition products. Sellers with high credits are more welcomed and many consumers said that they would prefer buying products from credible (可信的) sellers even if they charge higher prices.
For many consumers, lower price is the major factor that changes consumers from physical shops to the Internet. Most consumers make purchasing plans and compare product shows and prices on the Internet before they buy, but consumers from the Chinese mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong have different online shopping habits-many mainland consumers tend to do random (随意的) shopping, with 70 percent buying after comparing while 80 percent of Hong Kong and 87.5 percent of Taiwan consumers prefer making consumption plans before they buy.
Among all shopping websites, those selling books, videos, DVDs, home appliances (器具), electronic products, clothes and music downloading websites are the most popular while promotions (促销) at websites of restaurants, medicine, supermarkets, and clothes get the most attention. Consumers from the Chinese mainland prefer buying home appliances and electronic products online while those from Taiwan and Hong Kong prefer searching for information and buying air tickets and hotels.
The survey was done from September 3rd to October 1st, 2010, with 8500 consumers from 15 markets such as China, Australia Japan, South Africa and Thailand.

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Hares and Rabbits

     One of the gentlest of all animals is the hare. When you consider how mild this animal is, you might wonder how it can survive in a world full of enemies. But then you’ve also probably noticed its strong hind (后面的）legs. Those legs give it plenty of speed. And you know how rapidly hares and rabbits breed (繁殖). That’s another reason why they manage to survive.
     Hares and rabbits have long, sharp front teeth. Their hind legs are longer than their front legs so that they run faster uphill than downhill. When they are hunted, they use tricks such as taking huge leaps to break the smell or signal danger to each other by hitting the ground with their hind feet. Hares and rabbits are purely vegetarians (素食者）. They can live very well on the inner bark of trees.
     There are many differences between hares and rabbits. Hares are larger, and their feet and ears are longer. Hares do not dig holes or live in groups, as do rabbits. Hares are born open-eyed and with thick far, while rabbits are born blind and hairless.
     North America is the home of many different types of hares. One of the best known is the jack hare, a large hare with very long ears. Jacks are so fast that they can sometimes make a leap of six meters.
     The March hare, whom we know from Alice in Wonderland, is a common European hare. In March, they are always busy in mating, thus acquiring its name.
     Unlike hares, rabbits arc social animals, living together in holes. A rabbit may mate when it is six months old and its young are born within a month. So if the rabbit has no natural enemies, it can become quite a pest.

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Cell phone use does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of glioma（神经胶质瘤）— the most common type of brain cancers, according to new study. The story may be different, however for intense use of cell phones over many years. "The public are concerned about the possible negative health effects of mobile telephones," Dr. Anna Lahkola, of the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, and his colleagues explain in the International Journal of Cancer. The researchers examined the relationship between cell phone use and risk of glioma by studying 1,521 glioma patients and 3, 301 controls（比照实验对象）.
The vast majority of both groups reported using cell phones. 92 percent of glioma patients and 94 percent of controls reported ever using a cell phone. Overall, there was no evidence of increased glioma risk related to regular cell phone use. There were no significant associations observed with duration of use, years since first use, the total number of calls or the total hours of use. No increased glioma risk was observed when digital phones and other kinds of phones were analyzed separately.
There was, however, a trend toward increased risk of glioma in people who had used cell phones for more than 10 years exclusively on one side of the head, which was on the same side as the cancer. This may be due to chance, causal effect（因果关系） or too many reports of cell phone use in cases with brain cancers the investigators commented.

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It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author's names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it-are making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers say that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than l. 2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open- access publishing, typically supported by asking the author ( or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models existed are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

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Paid Maternity Leave

Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up that dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasn't surprised when this didn't make the news here in the United States-we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy.
The United States does have one explicit family policy, the Family and Medical Leave Act, passed in 1993. It entitles workers to as much as 12 weeks unpaid leave for care of a newborn or dealing with a family medical problem. Despite the modesty of the benefit, the Chamber of Commerce and other business groups fought it bitterly, describing it as" government run personnel management" and a “dangerous precedent.” In fact, every step of the way, as (usually) Democratic leaders have tried to introduce work-family balance measures into the law, business groups have been strongly opposed.
As Yale law professor Anne Alstott argues, justifying parental support depends on defining the family as a social good that, in some sense, society must pay for. In her book No Exit: What Parents, Owe Their Children and What Society Owes Parents, she argues that parents are burdened in many ways in their lives: their is "no exit" when it comes to children. "Society expects-and needs-parents to provide their children with continuity of care, meaning the intensive, intimate care that human beings need to develop their intellectual, emotional, and moral capabilities. And society expects-and needs-parents to persist in their role for 18 years, or longer if needed."
While most parents do this out of love, there are public penalties for not providing care. What parents do, in other words, is of deep concern to the state, for the obvious reason that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society. The state recognizes this in the large body of family laws that govern children's welfare, yet parents receive little help in meeting the life changing obligations society imposes. To classify parenting as a personal choice for which there is no collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the social benefits of good parenting; really, it is to steal those benefits because they accrue（不断积累）to the whole of society as today's children become tomorrow's productive citizenry（公民）. In fact, by some estimates, the value of parental investments in children, investments of time and money(including lost wages), is equal to20%～30% of gross domestic product. If these investments generate huge social benefits-as they clearly do-the benefits of providing more social support for the family should be that much clearer.

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A Good Lesson

After living in Europe for seven years, my parents decided that my family would move to the United States. We all looked forward to this. What would people think of us? For me, I hoped to be the hero of the class.
I was not disappointed. All my classmates admired my experience, and I quickly became well known as “the French guy”. I was very popular for a time. However, I was not interested in many things my classmates did, and it was hard for me to connect with them. I enjoyed listening to classical music, never watched TV, and almost never watched movies.
I did not have a common background with my friends because I grew up in Europe. I was a bit of an idiot to many people around me. I kept talking proudly about my experience. And I thought myself better than those around me because I lived in Europe but they didn’t.
I had decided I wanted better friends when my parents said that we were going to move again! I saw this as a perfect chance to get better friends, where people did not know of my unkind past.
When we moved to California, I did not show off as I had done for five years. I did not tell everyone that I lived in Europe. I still listened to classical music, but I just kept my music to myself. Sure enough, I found that people like someone who is not typical but does not boast about it.
Nothing can replace good friends, and if I had to control my temper and pride, it was well worth it.