The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

Willpower is not some unchangeable characteristics we are born with. It is skill that can be developed, strengthened and targeted to help us achieve our goals. For every obstacle we want to overcome, we need willpower, which is an inner strength that will push us to confront challenge and keep us going.
Willpower can be（）

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Richard Wagner’s liking for his friends was measured solely by the completeness of their devotion to him, or by their usefulness to him, whether financial or artistic. The minute they failed him — even by so much as refusing a dinner invitation — or began to lessen in usefulness, he cast them off without a second thought.
Richard Wagner was completely （） in his personal relationships.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

Education teaches a child to realize that he is not thrown into the world by chance, he has his part to play. He will learn what is useful to him and society at large. Education imparts a great deal of knowledge to his mind and encourages a child to work hard.
The （） of education.

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Information and communication technologies can play an important role in extending working lives. They have the potential to allow older workers to maintain their ties to the labour market and enhance their contributions and their quality of life.
The role of technologies in （） working lives.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

Rising carbon dioxide levels leads to global warming. The industrialized world has been the main protagonist given that carbon dioxide lasts about 100 years in the atmosphere, but as the developing nations become increasingly mechanized and urbanized, the balance is shifting. Indeed, the carbon emissions of Asia more than doubled from 1990 onwards.
Developing countries （） more carbon emissions than before.

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The oil drilled and pumped from underground holds the energy of eons’ worth of sunlight energy collected by plants and stored as organic matter. Over millions of years of heat and pressure, the energy in that organic matter has been further concentrated to yield hydrocarbons such as oil, natural gas, and coal.
（） of fossil fuels.

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Hard war situation finally forced Germany to make the decision that would bring the United States into the war. It decided to use its submarines to break the British blockade. The submarines would attack any ships that came near Britain. This included ships from neutral countries, like the United States.
Germany adopted new （） in hard situation.

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By the 17th century people began to leave gold with the local goldsmiths for safe keeping. Receipts of ￡1 or ￡5 were issued which could then be converted back into gold at any time. Soon these receipts began to circulate as banknotes.
The （） of banknotes.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

Standardized teaching can be done by mediocre teachers using scripted lessons. Excellent teaching requires well—honed judgments about individual students based on observation, information from a robust assessment program, and a great deal of knowledge and informed intuition about young people.
（） of excellent teaching.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

When it comes to money, it often pays to ignore financial news. The media is in the business of selling news, and to do that, they sensationalize it. Fueled by the over-eager reporting, irrational exuberance can quickly turn to pervasive gloom. Neither state of mind makes sense. They're both extremes that lead investors to make poor decisions.
Financial news may （） investors.

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We are successful because we can form long—lasting relationships with many others in diverse and flexible ways, and that this, combined with our native intelligence, explains why Homo sapiens came to dominate the planet. In every way from teaching our young to the industrial division of labor we are a massively co—operative species that relies on larger and more diverse networks of relationships than any other species.
（）of relationships.

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When infants 18 months old see an unrelated adult whose hands are full and who needs assistance opening a door or picking up a dropped clothespin, they will immediately help. The helping behavior seems to be innate because it appears so early and before many parents start teaching children the rules of polite behavior.
Human beings may be （） with the urge to help.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

An average of just one 85-gram serving of unprocessed red meat — such as a medium hamburger or a small pork chop — per day increased by 12 percent the chances a person would get type 2 diabetes over the course of a decade or two.
（） of red meat increases risk of diabetes.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

Scientists have been finding evidence of life inside meteorites for well over 100 years — that, or the building blocks of life. The claims of life have proved false every time. It always turns out to be a wishful interpretation of chemicals, minerals and tiny structures inside the meteorite that could be the fossilized long-dead bacteria — but almost certainly aren't.
Scientists （） to find valid evidence of life inside meteorites.

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Everyone knows that a placebo — a fake medication or sham procedure, typically used as a control in a medical trial — can nonetheless have a positive effect, relieving real symptoms like pain, bloating or a depressed mood. The placebo effect is a result of the patient’s expectation that the treatment will help.
（） of a placebo.

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Emotions and values play an enormous role in how we process information and make choices. We are beset by cognitive biases that throw what would be sound decision-making off-balance. Take loss aversion: psychologists have found that human beings tend to be more concerned about avoiding losses than achieving gains, holding onto what they have even when this is not in their best interests.
Emotions and values greatly （） decision-making.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

Pop Art was defined by images of material goods and popular culture. Pop artists rejected the serious nature of the art world. They painted or printed everyday images of things that usually are not considered art. These images included photographs from magazines, drink advertisements and drawings from popular comic strips.
（） of Pop Art.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

Anxiety is normal. You just have to prevent it from getting the best of you. The first step is to learn to relax. If before or during an examination you start to panic, stretch as hard as you can, tensing the muscles in your arms and legs, and then suddenly relax all of them.
How one should （） anxiety.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

The Tata Group is made up of 96 companies that employ more than 200,000 people. Tata operates in more than 54 countries. Its companies run hotels, provide engineering services and business advice. They also make cars and steel, among other things.
The Tata Group is involved in （） industries.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

Between 1979 and 1999, extremely hot weather killed more than 8000 people in the US. In that period, more Americans died from extreme heat than from severe storms, lightning, floods and earthquakes together.
Extreme heat was the top killer among several （） threats.