The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

Everyone knows that a placebo — a fake medication or sham procedure, typically used as a control in a medical trial — can nonetheless have a positive effect, relieving real symptoms like pain, bloating or a depressed mood. The placebo effect is a result of the patient’s expectation that the treatment will help.
（） of a placebo.

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Food marketing brings together the producer and the consumer. The marketing of even a single food product can be a complicated process involving many producers and companies. These businesses include not only chicken and vegetable processors but also the companies that transport the ingredients and those who print labels and manufacture cans.
The （）​ ​of activities in food marketing.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

Convenience friends are convenient indeed. They’ll lend us their cups and silverware for a party. They’ll drive our kids to soccer when we’re sick. They’ll take us to pick up our car when we need a lift to the garage. They’ll even take our cats when we go on vacation. As we will for them.
（） of convenience friends.

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It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory.The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions the bases for the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be found in our past experiences, which are brought into the present by memory.
The （） of memory.

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Researchers tested obese men before and after they joined a one-year modest walking plan. The result: Their blood pressure improved and the amount of body fat around their abdomen - the dangerous kind of fat that leads to higher rates of heart disease and diabetes - significantly decreased.
The surprising （）modest walking has on health.

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A hundred years ago the Klondike gold rush drew more than 100,000 people from across the globe towards a wilderness where the average January temperature is-30℃. A handful became fabulously wealthy, but most counted themselves lucky to survive. Scores succumbed to diseases before they could make it back to civilization.
Few people became （） in the Klondike gold rush.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence. 

Electronic mail can eliminate hours of frustrating “telephone tag” and enable people to communicate across time-zones with ease. It also substitutes for busy fax machines that print out piles of paper which are often misplaced or misdirected. With electronic mail, the message appears upon the computer screen of the individual being contacted.
People （） from electronic mails a lot.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

Researchers found that of all the forms of inactivity they examined, television-viewing was the worst. It was linked to significantly higher blood pressure in children — the more TV kids watched, the higher their blood pressure — and the effect held true regardless of whether a child was heavy or at a healthy weight.
（） were found between TV watching and high blood pressure in children.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

Beginning in the 1980s, higher incomes and greater job opportunities in China’s large cities have been enticing growing numbers of farmers into becoming migrant workers. Currently, the migrant population has reached an unprecedented level. About 200 million farmers have left their homes to earn a living in cities.
In China the population is drifting from （） areas into cities.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence. 

“Alas,” said Huntington Willard, the Duke University genome expert, “genetically speaking, if you’ve met one man, you’ve met them all. We are, I hate to say it, predictable. You can’t say that about women. Men and women are farther apart than we ever knew.”
Women are genetically more （） than men.

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Excessive pressure from schoolwork is probably the most common problem in urban areas affecting Chinese children’s development. Giving children time to dabble in many fields is vital for their physical and mental development. In the process, they will gradually show a liking for particular activities. Parents can help their kids make choices.
“Less work, more （）” is recommended for urban children.

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A friendly dog can make older people feel less isolated — and it appears to make little difference if that wagging tail belongs to a robot doggie or the real thing. Researchers compared a real dog with a far-from-lifelike robot dog, to see how residents of three U.S. nursing homes would respond.
Robot as good as real dog can ease （） people.

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Children who are older by a wider gap tend to teach their younger siblings social and manual skills, almost like a third parent, while rivalry is usually greatest when the age difference is small. It is especially so when siblings are under four — they are easily displeased when gratification of their needs is postponed.
（） difference plays a crucial role in sibling rivalry.

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Accidents and illness are unhappy things to talk about, but no one can expect to live a lifetime without having some kind of accident or becoming ill. Some accidents and illnesses are serious and may result in long periods of recovery from poor health.
It seems impossible to （） all accidents and illness in one’s lifetime.

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Dining out with little children can be frustrating. They are either running around the entire restaurant or refusing to eat their meal. But now a Maryland restaurant has created a menu that all parents will relate to because it translates phrases such as "I don't know what I want" and "I'm not hungry" into meals you can order fro them.
A （） menu for children.

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International applications are down 23% since 2003 for the universities. This was the result of increased security in the United States after the terrorist attacks in 2001. This increased security made it more difficult for students to get permits, or visas, to enter the US. Security measures also increased the time to process these visas.
It becomes （） for foreigners to study in the US.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

When pigeons can see the sun, they use it as their main means of direction finding. When they cannot see the sun they use some special way to sense direction from the earth's magnetic field. 

To have a （） way of sensing direction.

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Interview is always used to select candidates. The argument against it is that through interview, employers do not choose the best candidate, but the one who gives them a good first impression. The argument in favor of it is that an employer pays more attention to the suitability of candidates’ personality for the particular work situation.
Arguments （） and against the interview as a selection procedure.

The paragraph is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Choose the missing words of the phrase or sentence.

When Richard Wagner felt out of sorts, he would rave and stamp, or sink into suicidal gloom and talk darkly of going to the East to end his days as Buddhist monk. Ten minutes later, when something pleased him, he would rush out of doors and run around the garden, or jump up and down on the sofa.
Richard Wagner had some emotional（）

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The principle was discovered in 1809 by a Frenchman called Nicolas Appert. He corked food lightly in wide-necked glass bottles and immersed them in a bath of hot water to drive out the air, then he hammered the corks down to seal the jars hermetically. Appert's discovery was rewarded by the French government because better preserved food supplies were needed for Napoleon's troops on distant campaigns.
The （） and early methods of preserving food.