Translation
Directions: In the following passage, there are six groups of underlined sentences. Read the passage carefully and translate these sentences into Chinese.
    The causes of the surge in youth violence since the mid-1980s reach, of course, well beyond demographics. There have been tremendous changes in the social context of crime over the past decade, which explain why this generation of youth—the young and the ruthless—is more violent than others before it. Our youngsters have more dangerous drugs in their bodies, more deadly weapons in their hands, and a seemingly more casual attitude about violence. It is clear that too many teenagers in this country, particularly those in urban areas, are plagued with idleness and even hopelessness. A growing number of teens and preteens see few feasible or attractive alternatives to violence, drug use, and gang membership. For them, the American Dream is a nightmare. There may be little to live for and to strive for, but plenty to die for and even to kill for.
    The problem of kids with guns cannot be overstated in view of recent trends in gun-related killings among youth. Since the mid-1980s, the number of gun-homicides—particularly with handguns—perpetrated by juveniles has quadrupled, while the prevalence of juvenile homicide involving all other weapons combined has remained virtually constant.
    Guns are far more lethal in several respects. A 14-year-old armed with a gun is far more menacing than a 44-year-old with a gun. Although juveniles may be untrained in using firearms, they are more willing to pull the trigger over trivial matters—a leather jacket, a pair of sneakers, a challenging remark, or no reason at all—without fully considering the consequences. Also, the gun psychologically distances the offender from the victim; if the same youngster had to kill his or her victim (almost always someone known) with hands, he or she might be deterred by the physical contact.
    While the negative socializing forces of drugs, guns, gangs, and the media have become more threatening, the positive socializing forces of family, school, religion, and neighborhood have grown relatively weak and ineffective. Increasingly, children are being raised in homes disrupted by divorce and economic stress; too many children emerge undersocialized and undersupervised.
    At this juncture, as many as 57 per cent of children in America do not have full-time parental supervision, either living with a single parent who works full time or in a two-parent household with both parents working full time. The lack of parental supervision for young children is nearly as great. As many as 49 per cent of children under age six do not have the benefit of full-time parenting. While some children enjoy suitable substitute supervision provided by friends and relatives or in day-care, far too many do not.
    I do not mean to imply any special blame on the part of parents, and mothers in particular. While some parents are terribly ill-prepared for the task of raising children, most parents are well meaning and would like to have a greater role in their children's lives. However, many families lack the support to control and guide their children. We should assist parents, not assail them.