The discovery of Indo-European began with the work of（ ）, who delivered an important paper in 1786 in which he suggested that Sanskrit bore a stronger affinity to Greek and Latin.

In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that（ ）bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.

Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version

​Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to the same Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.

The work of the （）marked the beginning of the discovery of Indo-European language family.

Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred early in the history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in（ ）, Greek, or Latin.

Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate.

cognate

The languages of the world belong to families and bear offspring. When we examine the languages of the world, we perceive similarities and differences among them that provide further evidence for the “（ ）” relatedness we know exists. 

Directions: Answer the following questions.

One of the important missions of historical linguistics is to reconstruct the protolanguage. Please explain what the protolanguage is and how historical linguists reconstruct it.

Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.

cognate

Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.

Cognates may be defined as words that have developed from a common ancestor or common source. Work on the systematic form-meaning resemblance in cognates lies at the core of comparative reconstruction. 

Directions：Judge weather each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.

The Austronesian family comprises up to one thousand  different languages scattered over Australia.

Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.

cognates

Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.

 The method of r of a parent language from a comparison of its daughter languages is called the comparative method.

Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.

comparative reconstruction

Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.

Sound a refers to sound change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.

Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET for each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.

The Old English word “Engla-land” came to be pronounced “England” through the assimilation of “la-la” sounds.

Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.

Sound a refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.

Fill in the blank of the following statement with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.

H refers to a process of sound assimilation in which one of two phonetically similar syllables within a word is lost. For example, the Old English word “Engla-land” (“the land of the Angles”) came to be pronounced “England”. 

（）, vowels tend to be nasalized before nasal consonants because it is difficult to time the lowering of the velum to produce nasality with the consonant articulation.

Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.

​Physiologically, vowels tend to be n before nasal consonants because it is difficult to time the lowering of the velum to produce nasality with the consonant articulation.