（ ）reason is reflected in the meaning change of the word computer, from "a person who computes"to" electronic machine".
The extra-linguistic factors that cause changes in word-meaning include the following EXCEPT（） .
Extra-linguistic factors of word-meaning change include （）.
Which of the following is NOT one of the extralinguistic factors that cause changes in meaning? （）
The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are often due to（ ）factors.
People change word-meaning owing to various（ ）motives: love, respect, courtesy, suspicion, pessimism, sarcasm, irony, contempt, hatred, etc.
The word liquor once meant liquid, but now means alcoholic drink. This is an example of（）of word-meaning.
Which of the following words does not undergo the process of extension of meaning?（）
The semantic change of the word “girl” from “a young person of either sex” to “female young person” is called （）
Narrowing of meaning, also called（ ）, is the opposite of widening meaning.
The original meaning of wife is（）.
（ ）is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense. For example，the original meaning of the word“meat” was food and the modern meaning is edible flesh.
When a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is（ ）accordingly.
In Shakespearean line “Rats and mice and such small deer”, “deer” obviously designates “animal” in general. Therefore “deer” is a typical example of（）.
The word “meat” originally meant “food”, but now has come to mean “flesh of animals”. This is an example to illustrate （）of meaning.
When a common word is turned into a proper noun，the meaning is（）accordingly such as “the City”, which means the “business centre of London”.
Elevation can be illustrated by the following example:（ ）.
Elevation refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. The following words belong to elevation EXCEPT（ ）.