GAP FILLING 

The following is taken from the textbook. Fill in the numbered gaps with the correct form of the words or phrases  (there are more words than necessary).

 in/ violently/ accept/open up/ with/ distinguish/ variety/ run down/ tire/ quality/ quantity/ unravel

             As the weeks went by, Swain’s visits grew more frequent. When Dr. Caswell called, Ellsworth would talk about the graceful lines of the chimney or the rich ______of color in a bowl of fruit.
            The treatment was working perfectly. No more trips downtown to his office for the purpose of buying some business that was to fail later. No more crazy financial plans to try the strength of his _____old heart. Art was complete cure for him.
            The doctor thought it safe to allow Ellsworth to visit the Metropolitan Museum, the Museum of Modem Art, and other exhibitions with Swain. An entirely new world ______its mysteries to him. The old man showed a tremendous curiosity in the art galleries and in the painters who exhibited _______ them. How were the galleries run? Who selected the pictures for the exhibitions? An idea was forming in his brain.
          When the late spring began to cover the fields and gardens ______color, Ellsworth painted a simply horrible picture which he called “Trees Dressed in White.” Then he made a surprising announcement. He was going to exhibit the picture in the summer show at the Lathrop Gallery.
           The summer show at the Latbrop Gallery was the biggest art exhibition of the year—in _______  , if not in size. The lifetime dream of every important artist in the United States was a prize from this exhibition. Among the paintings of this _______group of artists, Ellsworth was now going to place his “Trees Dressed in White,” which resembled a handful of salad dressing thrown _______ against the side of a house.
          “If the newspapers hear about this, everyone in town will be laughing at Mr. Ellsworth. We’ve got to stop him.” said Koppel. “No,” warned the doctor. “We can’t interfere with him now and take a chance of _______all the good work which we have done.”
          To the complete surprise of all three—and especially Swain—“Trees Dressed in White” was _______for the Lathrop show. Not only was Mr. Ellsworth crazy, thought Koppel, but the Lathrop Gallery was crazy, too.
(From Art for Heart’s Sake)

Gap Filling: The following passage is taken from the textbook. Fill in the numbered gaps with the correct form of the words or phrases in the box (there are more words than necessary).

with / have  / many / other / in / begin / permission /which /on / admission / include / since

     On the north side of Trafalgar, famous for its Admiral Nelson, its fountains and its hordes of pigeons, there stands a long, low building in classic style. This is the National Gallery,  ______ contains Britain’s best-known collection of pictures. The collection was ______ in 1824,  with the purchase of thirty-eight pictures that ______ Horgarth’s satirical series and Titian’s “Venus and Adonis”.

     The National Gallery is rich ______ paintings by Italian masters such as Raphael and Veronese, and it contains pictures representative of all European schools of art. Many visitors are especially attracted to Leonardo da Vinci’s “Virgin of the Rocks”.
     On sunny days, students and ______ young people are often to be seen ______ a sandwich lunch on the portico (门廊) of the Gallery overlooking Trafalgar Square.  ______ to the Gallery is free, as is the case ______ other British national galleries and museums, which are maintained by money voted by Parliament. Bequests of pictures have been made to the galleries, at times ______ a generous scale, by private individuals.
     Just behind the National Gallery stands the National Portrait Gallery, in which the visitors can see portraits of British monarchs ______ the reign of Richards II (1377-1399), and of historical celebrities such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Cromwell. Many of the pictures are by well-known artists. (From London Art Gallery)

GAP FILLING 

The following is taken from the textbook. Fill in the numbered gaps with the correct form of the words or phrases  (there are more words than necessary).

 in/ violently/ accept/open up/ with/ distinguish/ variety/ run down/ tire/ quality/ quantity/ unravel

             As the weeks went by, Swain’s visits grew more frequent. When Dr. Caswell called, Ellsworth would talk about the graceful lines of the chimney or the rich ______of color in a bowl of fruit.
            The treatment was working perfectly. No more trips downtown to his office for the purpose of buying some business that was to fail later. No more crazy financial plans to try the strength of his _____old heart. Art was complete cure for him.
            The doctor thought it safe to allow Ellsworth to visit the Metropolitan Museum, the Museum of Modem Art, and other exhibitions with Swain. An entirely new world ______its mysteries to him. The old man showed a tremendous curiosity in the art galleries and in the painters who exhibited _______ them. How were the galleries run? Who selected the pictures for the exhibitions? An idea was forming in his brain.
          When the late spring began to cover the fields and gardens ______color, Ellsworth painted a simply horrible picture which he called “Trees Dressed in White.” Then he made a surprising announcement. He was going to exhibit the picture in the summer show at the Lathrop Gallery.
           The summer show at the Latbrop Gallery was the biggest art exhibition of the year—in _______  , if not in size. The lifetime dream of every important artist in the United States was a prize from this exhibition. Among the paintings of this _______group of artists, Ellsworth was now going to place his “Trees Dressed in White,” which resembled a handful of salad dressing thrown _______ against the side of a house.
          “If the newspapers hear about this, everyone in town will be laughing at Mr. Ellsworth. We’ve got to stop him.” said Koppel. “No,” warned the doctor. “We can’t interfere with him now and take a chance of _______all the good work which we have done.”
          To the complete surprise of all three—and especially Swain—“Trees Dressed in White” was _______for the Lathrop show. Not only was Mr. Ellsworth crazy, thought Koppel, but the Lathrop Gallery was crazy, too.
(From Art for Heart’s Sake)

DISCOURSE CLOZE 

The following is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary)

     But she shook her head “I will do nothing to help you, nothing. "
     He stepped towards her. He put out his hands and . She struck at his hand with a knitting needle. He caught her arms and held them with one hand, while his free hand went to her neck, . He pulled it free. It was then that he heard her give a little cry, and her body fell back from him pulling at the hand. She was lying back in the chair. He let go of her arms: she made no move. 

     He stood there for a moment undecided. She was an old lady. . It couldn’t be true! She couldn’t be dead! She’d be all right in a few moments. 

     He went to the wall and found the picture . Nothing could be allowed to stop him now, not after all these weeks of work, listening to the servant talking to her friend  where she went on her night off. He learnt that , and that the key was on a chain round the old lady’s neck. He had done all that work to learn these things. 

     He put the jewel cases . When the safe was empty he went back to the old lady. He put his hand on her heart. It was true: . 

     Well, what did it matter? . She couldn’t tell the police the few little things that she had learned about him. 

DISCOURSE CLOZE 

The following is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary)

     But she shook her head “I will do nothing to help you, nothing. "
     He stepped towards her. He put out his hands and . She struck at his hand with a knitting needle. He caught her arms and held them with one hand, while his free hand went to her neck, . He pulled it free. It was then that he heard her give a little cry, and her body fell back from him pulling at the hand. She was lying back in the chair. He let go of her arms: she made no move. 

     He stood there for a moment undecided. She was an old lady. . It couldn’t be true! She couldn’t be dead! She’d be all right in a few moments. 

     He went to the wall and found the picture . Nothing could be allowed to stop him now, not after all these weeks of work, listening to the servant talking to her friend  where she went on her night off. He learnt that , and that the key was on a chain round the old lady’s neck. He had done all that work to learn these things. 

     He put the jewel cases . When the safe was empty he went back to the old lady. He put his hand on her heart. It was true: . 

     Well, what did it matter? . She couldn’t tell the police the few little things that she had learned about him. 

Once, as we were walking down the path to the well, （）.

III. DISCOURSE CLOZE The following is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary). Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

        “The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Sullivan Macy, came to me. It was the third of March, 1887, three months before I was seven years old.” So wrote Helen Keller.
         The morning after the arrival of her teacher, . After she had played with it for a while, Miss Sullivan slowly spelt the word d-o-l-l onto her hand. and tried to imitate her teacher. When she finally succeeded in forming the letters correctly, . Excitedly she found her way to her mother, held up her hand and wrote the letters “doll”. And in the days that followed, .
         Helen soon learned, however, that things and actions have names. One day, while she was playing with her new doll, Miss Sullivan placed the doll on her lap, made her touch again and wrote the letters d-o-l-l on the palm of her hand. until Helen associated the word with the object. “
          Once, as we were walking down the path to the well, . I asked, ‘What is that strange smell in the air?’ Miss Sullivan led me to the well. She took my hand and placed it under the spout from which water flew out.” Miss Sullivan spelt the word “water” on her other hand. Suddenly everything came back. She knew then that w-a-t-e-r meant the cool liquid with which she was playing now with both her hands. That living word gave her joy, light and hope. , every familiar object she touched seemed to have a new meaning for her. She was eager to know more. As her education progressed, , Helen was living a new life full of excitement. She now had the key to a language and was keen to use it. We who have eyes to see and ears to hear can learn easily. But Helen could not, . She made full use of all the other abilities she had, to such an advantage that she became the world’s famous teacher of the blind and the deaf. 

(From Helen Keller) 

III. DISCOURSE CLOZE The following is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary). Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

        “The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Sullivan Macy, came to me. It was the third of March, 1887, three months before I was seven years old.” So wrote Helen Keller.
         The morning after the arrival of her teacher, . After she had played with it for a while, Miss Sullivan slowly spelt the word d-o-l-l onto her hand. and tried to imitate her teacher. When she finally succeeded in forming the letters correctly, . Excitedly she found her way to her mother, held up her hand and wrote the letters “doll”. And in the days that followed, .
         Helen soon learned, however, that things and actions have names. One day, while she was playing with her new doll, Miss Sullivan placed the doll on her lap, made her touch again and wrote the letters d-o-l-l on the palm of her hand. until Helen associated the word with the object. “
          Once, as we were walking down the path to the well, . I asked, ‘What is that strange smell in the air?’ Miss Sullivan led me to the well. She took my hand and placed it under the spout from which water flew out.” Miss Sullivan spelt the word “water” on her other hand. Suddenly everything came back. She knew then that w-a-t-e-r meant the cool liquid with which she was playing now with both her hands. That living word gave her joy, light and hope. , every familiar object she touched seemed to have a new meaning for her. She was eager to know more. As her education progressed, , Helen was living a new life full of excitement. She now had the key to a language and was keen to use it. We who have eyes to see and ears to hear can learn easily. But Helen could not, . She made full use of all the other abilities she had, to such an advantage that she became the world’s famous teacher of the blind and the deaf. 

(From Helen Keller) 

Discourse Cloze

The following passage is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary). 

     To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind are prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error. 

     If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that , by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because ; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until . Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because . 

     Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind,  there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that . If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless  that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because , but in theology there is only opinion. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, ; you will probably find, on examination, that . It is a good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of biased opinions to become aware of those different from your own. (From How to Avoid the Foolish Opinions)

DISCOURSE CLOZE
The following is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary).

     Smiley owned a horse while he was here. We used to kid Jim and call her the fifteen-minute nag because she was so slow, but actually she wasn't too slow, we just liked to kid Jim. He used to win money betting on her. She was sick a lot, so in races the others used to give her a few hundred yards' head start. The other horses would always catch up and pass her, but then near the end of the race, . She looked as if she were going to fall down with her crazy legs going in all directions and with her coughing and sneezing and almost falling over, but somehow she would pull all of her strength together at the very end and .
     Jim also had a fighting dog which he named after the President, Andrew Jackson. That was the ugliest dog on earth, and he looked as if he were about to die any minute, and when he didn't look that way, . But when the time came to fight another dog, Jim's pup was another dog. At first, Jim's dog appeared ready to lose to the other dog. The other dog would run him around and tackle him, bite him, and throw him all over the ring. . Then, all of a sudden, Jim's pup would come alive. He'd grab the other dog by the hind legs and freeze to them. He wouldn't chew, you understand, he would just hold on until the other dog had to give up.
     Smiley always won money on that dog. Always except once, that is. The dog had to fight another dog, as usual, but this time the other dog had no hind legs. . Afterwards, he just shook his head, slinked off past Smiley as though , and then lay down and died.
      Smiley had all kinds of other animals which he used to bet on, too. He had other dogs, chickens, cats, and . One time he caught a frog and decided he would teach it to jump. He worked with that frog about three months, and you can bet that . Jim would give the little beast a punch and the frog would leap higher than any frog you’ve ever seen. That frog would whirl around in the air and come down on its feet just like a cat. He was also good at catching flies.
     Smiley named his frog Daniel Webster and claimed that all any frog ever wanted was a good education. He trained the frog so well that all he had to say was "Flies, Daniel, flies!" and quick as a wink that the frog would leap off the floor to wherever the fly was, . When he landed, the frog would act as if nothing had happened. He'd just scratch his head with his hind foot as if he did that sort of things all the time. Daniel Webster's best trick was jumping from a seated position; . Whenever there was an opportunity for Daniel to test his jumping, Smiley would try to find someone to bet with. He was proud of that frog and wanted to show him off to people.

Discourse Cloze

The following passage is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary). 

     To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind are prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error. 

     If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that , by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because ; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until . Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because . 

     Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind,  there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that . If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless  that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because , but in theology there is only opinion. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, ; you will probably find, on examination, that . It is a good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of biased opinions to become aware of those different from your own. (From How to Avoid the Foolish Opinions)

DISCOURSE CLOZE
The following is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary).

     Smiley owned a horse while he was here. We used to kid Jim and call her the fifteen-minute nag because she was so slow, but actually she wasn't too slow, we just liked to kid Jim. He used to win money betting on her. She was sick a lot, so in races the others used to give her a few hundred yards' head start. The other horses would always catch up and pass her, but then near the end of the race, . She looked as if she were going to fall down with her crazy legs going in all directions and with her coughing and sneezing and almost falling over, but somehow she would pull all of her strength together at the very end and .
     Jim also had a fighting dog which he named after the President, Andrew Jackson. That was the ugliest dog on earth, and he looked as if he were about to die any minute, and when he didn't look that way, . But when the time came to fight another dog, Jim's pup was another dog. At first, Jim's dog appeared ready to lose to the other dog. The other dog would run him around and tackle him, bite him, and throw him all over the ring. . Then, all of a sudden, Jim's pup would come alive. He'd grab the other dog by the hind legs and freeze to them. He wouldn't chew, you understand, he would just hold on until the other dog had to give up.
     Smiley always won money on that dog. Always except once, that is. The dog had to fight another dog, as usual, but this time the other dog had no hind legs. . Afterwards, he just shook his head, slinked off past Smiley as though , and then lay down and died.
      Smiley had all kinds of other animals which he used to bet on, too. He had other dogs, chickens, cats, and . One time he caught a frog and decided he would teach it to jump. He worked with that frog about three months, and you can bet that . Jim would give the little beast a punch and the frog would leap higher than any frog you’ve ever seen. That frog would whirl around in the air and come down on its feet just like a cat. He was also good at catching flies.
     Smiley named his frog Daniel Webster and claimed that all any frog ever wanted was a good education. He trained the frog so well that all he had to say was "Flies, Daniel, flies!" and quick as a wink that the frog would leap off the floor to wherever the fly was, . When he landed, the frog would act as if nothing had happened. He'd just scratch his head with his hind foot as if he did that sort of things all the time. Daniel Webster's best trick was jumping from a seated position; . Whenever there was an opportunity for Daniel to test his jumping, Smiley would try to find someone to bet with. He was proud of that frog and wanted to show him off to people.

DISCOURSE CLOZE
The following is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary)

     My father, Winston Churchill, began his love affair with painting in his 40s, amid disastrous circumstances. As First Lord of the Admiralty in 1915，he was deeply in the Dardanelles that could have shortened the course of a bloody world war. But when the mission failed, , Churchill paid the price, both publicly and privately. He was removed from the Admiralty and effectively sidelined.
      —“ I thought he would die of grief, ” said his wife，Clementine—he retired with his family to Hoe Farm, a country retreat in Surrey. There, as Churchill later recalled, "The muse of painting came to my rescue! ” 

     ，he chanced upon his sister-in-law sketching with watercolors. He watched her for a few minutes, then borrowed her brush and tried his hand. The muse had cast her spell! 

     ...

     In painting, Churchill had discovered a companion with whom he wasthat remained to him. After the war, painting would offer deep solace when，in 1921，the death of the mother was followed two months later by the loss of his and Clementine's beloved three-year-old daughter, Marigold. Battered by grief, Winston took refuge at the home of friends in Scotland, . He wrote to Clementine,"I went out and painted a beautiful river in the afternoon light with crimson and golden hills in the background. Alas I keep feeling the hurt of the Duckadilly (Marigold’s pet name ). ’’ 

     Historians have called the decade after 1929, and Winston was out of office, his wilderness years. Politically he may have been wandering in barren places, a lonely fighter trying to , but artistically that wilderness bore abundant fruit. During these years he often painted in the South of France. Of the 500-odd canvases extant, roughly 250 date from 1930 to 1939.
     to the end of his life. “ Happy are the painters, ” he had written in his book Painting as a Pastime, "for they shall not be lonely. Light and color, peace and hope, willto the end of the day. "And so it was for my father.

(From Winston Churchill：His Other Life)

Gap Filling: The following passage is taken from the textbook. Fill in the numbered gaps with the correct form of the words or phrases in the box (there are more words than necessary).

force / steady / dependent / able / unite / among / hold / call / approve / apply / remarkably / with / turn

     Before the war ended, these thirteen states realized that they would need to work together in peacetime as they had been ______ to do in wartime. In 1782 they put into effect a plan for ______ under a federal system. This meant that each of the states would remain ______ in many ways but would join with the others in a government that would be able to do things that individual states could not do by themselves with success. Unfortunately this plan did not provide for a federal government strong enough to ______ it to do what needed to be done. This became clear after a few years of experience. In 1786 a call went out to all the states inviting them to send delegates to a meeting to be held in Philadelphia in the spring of 1787. This meeting was the Constitutional Convention, a great _______ point in American history.
     No more important meeting has ever been held in America. To it came fifty-five men,  ______ them some of the most famous men in our history. They included George Washington who presided over the convention, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. They worked ______ and in secret from May well into September and adjourned only after they had written a new plan of government to be sent to the thirteen states for ______. The document was the Constitution of the United States. A great English statesman called this constitution “the most ______ work known to me in modern times to have been produced by the human intellect, at a single stroke (so to speak), in its ______ to political affairs.” Before 1788 had ended, the Constitution had been approved in most of the states and in 1789 it went into effect. Since then it has been the fundamental law of the nation.

(From The Constitution of the United States)

DISCOURSE CLOZE 

The following is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary). 
          The name "United Nations" is accredited to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the first group of representatives of member states met and signed a declaration of common intent on New Year's Day in 1942. Representatives of five powers worked together to draw up proposals,  . Their proposals, modified after deliberation at the conference on International Organization in San Francisco, were finally agreed on and signed as the U.N. Charter by 50 countries on 26 June 1945. Poland,  , signed the Charter later and was added to the list of original members. It was not until that autumn, however, after the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the U.S.S.R., the U.K. and the U.S. andthat the U.N. officially came into existence. The date was 24 October, .
          The essential functions of the U.N. are to maintain international peace and security, , to cooperate internationally in solving international economic, social, cultural and human problems, promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and .
         No country takes precedence over another in the U.N.  . All must contribute to the peaceful settlement of international disputes, and members have pledged to refrain from the threat or use of force against other states.  , it tries to ensure that non-member states act according to its principles of international peace and security. U.N. members must offer assistance  and in no way assist states against which the U.N. is taking preventive or enforcement action. 

(From United Nations)

DISCOURSE CLOZE
The following is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary)

     My father, Winston Churchill, began his love affair with painting in his 40s, amid disastrous circumstances. As First Lord of the Admiralty in 1915，he was deeply in the Dardanelles that could have shortened the course of a bloody world war. But when the mission failed, , Churchill paid the price, both publicly and privately. He was removed from the Admiralty and effectively sidelined.
      —“ I thought he would die of grief, ” said his wife，Clementine—he retired with his family to Hoe Farm, a country retreat in Surrey. There, as Churchill later recalled, "The muse of painting came to my rescue! ” 

     ，he chanced upon his sister-in-law sketching with watercolors. He watched her for a few minutes, then borrowed her brush and tried his hand. The muse had cast her spell! 

     ...

     In painting, Churchill had discovered a companion with whom he wasthat remained to him. After the war, painting would offer deep solace when，in 1921，the death of the mother was followed two months later by the loss of his and Clementine's beloved three-year-old daughter, Marigold. Battered by grief, Winston took refuge at the home of friends in Scotland, . He wrote to Clementine,"I went out and painted a beautiful river in the afternoon light with crimson and golden hills in the background. Alas I keep feeling the hurt of the Duckadilly (Marigold’s pet name ). ’’ 

     Historians have called the decade after 1929, and Winston was out of office, his wilderness years. Politically he may have been wandering in barren places, a lonely fighter trying to , but artistically that wilderness bore abundant fruit. During these years he often painted in the South of France. Of the 500-odd canvases extant, roughly 250 date from 1930 to 1939.
     to the end of his life. “ Happy are the painters, ” he had written in his book Painting as a Pastime, "for they shall not be lonely. Light and color, peace and hope, willto the end of the day. "And so it was for my father.

(From Winston Churchill：His Other Life)

DISCOURSE CLOZE 

The following is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary). 
          The name "United Nations" is accredited to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the first group of representatives of member states met and signed a declaration of common intent on New Year's Day in 1942. Representatives of five powers worked together to draw up proposals,  . Their proposals, modified after deliberation at the conference on International Organization in San Francisco, were finally agreed on and signed as the U.N. Charter by 50 countries on 26 June 1945. Poland,  , signed the Charter later and was added to the list of original members. It was not until that autumn, however, after the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the U.S.S.R., the U.K. and the U.S. andthat the U.N. officially came into existence. The date was 24 October, .
          The essential functions of the U.N. are to maintain international peace and security, , to cooperate internationally in solving international economic, social, cultural and human problems, promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and .
         No country takes precedence over another in the U.N.  . All must contribute to the peaceful settlement of international disputes, and members have pledged to refrain from the threat or use of force against other states.  , it tries to ensure that non-member states act according to its principles of international peace and security. U.N. members must offer assistance  and in no way assist states against which the U.N. is taking preventive or enforcement action. 

(From United Nations)

DISCOURSE CLOZE
The following is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary).

     Miller uses the techniques of the modern theatre to the full. He is not satisfied with simply employing the devices of lights and sound as an addition to the acting, . This is a deliberate attempt to make the theatre as a whole, not merely the actors, express the messages of the play. Mechanical devices assume, then, a symbolic significance—they represent an essential meaning or idea in the play in physical terms. They express a meaning — .
     Miller was writing for a middle-class audience. His plays were performed on Broadway, . Therefore they reached only a small proportion of the population Miller uses this fact (that the plays reached only a relatively small proportion of the population) to advantage in Death of a Salesman, where he examines American middle-class ideas and beliefs. He was able to place before his audience Willy Loman, , ones which have been summed up by the phrase "the American Dream". The American Dream is a combination of beliefs in the unity of the family, the healthiness of competition in society, the need for success and money, and the view that . Some of these are connected: America seemed at one stage in history to offer alternatives to the European way of life; she seemed to be the New World, vast, having plenty of land and riches for all of its people, all of whom could share in the wealth of the nation. America was a land of opportunity. This belief is still apparent, even in twentieth-century America, with its large urban population, and Miller uses it in his plays, in order to state something significant about American society. In such a land, where all people have a great deal of opportunity, success should come fairly easily, . To become successful in the American Dream means to believe in competition, to reach the top as quickly as possible by proving oneself better than others. Success is judged by the amount of wealth which can be acquired by an individual. . Money and success mean stability; and stability can be seen in the family unit. The family is a guideline to success. . These ideas should always be kept in mind when Death of a Salesman is considered.
     Another point to consider is Miller's conception of what the theatre should do. He is both a psychological and a social dramatist.. Often, these people are ordinary, everyday types, but ones whose actions are made significant by the dramatist. For example, the lives of ordinary citizens going about their daily business in their homes may not obviously appear interesting, but the dramatist can indicate that their daily lives are important, that they are interesting or unusual as people and that the audience may see their own situations and psychological states reflected in the characters the dramatist has created. Death of a Salesman is a good example of this. Of course, all dramatists and novelists try to make the actions of their characters relevant to other people, and most analyze closely the minds of the characters they have created in order to establish what makes them function as individuals. Where Miller differs from many of the others is . Most of his heroes are ordinary people: they do not seem to be different from anyone who can be met in any street; and this, it might be argued, adds force to his plays, since none of the characters are remote—we share their feelings, and understand their difficulties. Also, Miller is able to show that everyday people can rise above the ordinary when challenged.
(From Miller's Theatre and Miller's Ideas)

DISCOURSE CLOZE
The following is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary).

     Miller uses the techniques of the modern theatre to the full. He is not satisfied with simply employing the devices of lights and sound as an addition to the acting, . This is a deliberate attempt to make the theatre as a whole, not merely the actors, express the messages of the play. Mechanical devices assume, then, a symbolic significance—they represent an essential meaning or idea in the play in physical terms. They express a meaning — .
     Miller was writing for a middle-class audience. His plays were performed on Broadway, . Therefore they reached only a small proportion of the population Miller uses this fact (that the plays reached only a relatively small proportion of the population) to advantage in Death of a Salesman, where he examines American middle-class ideas and beliefs. He was able to place before his audience Willy Loman, , ones which have been summed up by the phrase "the American Dream". The American Dream is a combination of beliefs in the unity of the family, the healthiness of competition in society, the need for success and money, and the view that . Some of these are connected: America seemed at one stage in history to offer alternatives to the European way of life; she seemed to be the New World, vast, having plenty of land and riches for all of its people, all of whom could share in the wealth of the nation. America was a land of opportunity. This belief is still apparent, even in twentieth-century America, with its large urban population, and Miller uses it in his plays, in order to state something significant about American society. In such a land, where all people have a great deal of opportunity, success should come fairly easily, . To become successful in the American Dream means to believe in competition, to reach the top as quickly as possible by proving oneself better than others. Success is judged by the amount of wealth which can be acquired by an individual. . Money and success mean stability; and stability can be seen in the family unit. The family is a guideline to success. . These ideas should always be kept in mind when Death of a Salesman is considered.
     Another point to consider is Miller's conception of what the theatre should do. He is both a psychological and a social dramatist.. Often, these people are ordinary, everyday types, but ones whose actions are made significant by the dramatist. For example, the lives of ordinary citizens going about their daily business in their homes may not obviously appear interesting, but the dramatist can indicate that their daily lives are important, that they are interesting or unusual as people and that the audience may see their own situations and psychological states reflected in the characters the dramatist has created. Death of a Salesman is a good example of this. Of course, all dramatists and novelists try to make the actions of their characters relevant to other people, and most analyze closely the minds of the characters they have created in order to establish what makes them function as individuals. Where Miller differs from many of the others is . Most of his heroes are ordinary people: they do not seem to be different from anyone who can be met in any street; and this, it might be argued, adds force to his plays, since none of the characters are remote—we share their feelings, and understand their difficulties. Also, Miller is able to show that everyday people can rise above the ordinary when challenged.
(From Miller's Theatre and Miller's Ideas)